Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Pain and Analgesia > Flashcards

Pain and Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pain?

A

Individual experience
Multidimensional
Protective function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different types of pain?

A

Physiologic
Nociceptive/Inflammatory
Neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of physiologic pain?

A

Short duration, preprogrammed responses, no tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of nociceptive/inflammatory pain?

A

Tissue damage, allodynia, hyperalgesia etc

Pathologic forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of neuropathic pain?

A

Damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves or CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define acute pain

A

Obvious cause
Relatively short duration
Resolves with healing
Protective function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define chronic pain

A

Multiple causes
Persist after healing
No adaptive function
Often refractory to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the process of nociception?

A 
Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Projection
Perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the process of transduction of pain?

A

Peripheral nerves are extensions of CNS and free nerve endings transduce noxious stimuli into electrical signals and action potentials
Varied sensitivity to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is peripheral sensitisation?

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the process of transmission of pain?

A

First order neurons synapse in dorsal horn
Myelinated A-delta fibres = first pain
Unmyelinated C fibres = second pain, visceral pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the process of modulation of pain?

A

Peripheral sensory nerve impulses are amplified or suppressed in the spinal cord
Dorsal horn has inter-neurons and ascending neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the gate theory of control?

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the process of inhibitory neurotransmission in the dorsal horn?

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the process of central sensitisation?

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ascending pathways for nociception? (process of projection)

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the process of perception of pain?

A

Unpleasant sensation in the CNS resulting in a behavioural response to pain which varies according to species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the descending pathways of pain?

A

Originates in the brian (amygdala, hypothalamus)
Relayed via the brain stem, rostral ventral medulla
Spinal cord - release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids)
Takes part in modulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the consequences of pain?

A

IMAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is peripheral and central sensitisation important?

A

The level of pain perceived is more severe
Analgesic drugs may be less effective if given once pain is present
One type of analgesic may not be effective on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is pain assessed in practice?

A 
Visual analogue scale
Numerical rating score
Simple descriptive scale
Composite scoring system
Multidimensional scoring system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the methods of pain scoring in equines?

A

Composite orthopedic pain scale
Equine acute abdominal pain scale
Complex numerical rating scale - postop colic
Post abdominal surgery pain assessment scale

24
Q

What drug groups can be used for pain management?

A 
NSAIDs
Opioids
Ketamine
Alpha-2-agonists
Local anaesthetics
25
Q

What is pre-emptive analgesia?

A

The prevention or minimisation of pain by the administration of analgesics before the production of pain or the introduction of noxious stimulus if pain already exists

26
Q

What is multi-modal analgesia?

A

The administration of multiple drugs that act by different mechanisms of action to produce the desired analgesic effect

27
Q

What are the advantages of multi-modal analgesia?

A

Additive or synergistic effects
Reduced side effects
Reduced dose

28
Q

What drugs can be used for systemic analgesia?

A 
Opioids
NSAIDs
Ketamine
Lidocaine
MLK
Alpha 2 agonists
Tramadol
Gabapentin/Pregabalin
29
Q

What agents can be used for local analgesia?

A

Local anaesthetics
Opioids
Alpha 2 agonists

30
Q

Define opium

A

Mixture of alkaloids from the poppy plant

31
Q

Define opioid

A

Any natural occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic compound that binds to opioid receptors and shares the properties of the natural occurring endogenous opioids

32
Q

Define opiate

A

Any natural occurring opioid, derived from opium

33
Q

Define narcotic

A

Used to denote an opioid but also to describe non-opioid drugs of addiction

34
Q

What are the effects mediated by DOP opioid receptors?

A

Spinal and supraspinal analgesia, reduced gastric motility

35
Q

What are the effects of KOP opioid receptors?

A

Spinal analgesia, diuresis, dysphoria

36
Q

What are the effects caused by MOP opioid receptors?

A

Analgesia, sedation, bradycardia, respiratory depression, inhibition of GI tract, opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia endocrine effects and immunological effects

37
Q

What are the effects of NOP opioid receptors?

A

Spinal analgesia, hyperalgesia and allodynia as well as supraspinal inhibition of opioid tone

38
Q

What are some MOP selective agonists?

A 
Morphine
Pethidine
Methadone
Fentanyl
Buprenorphine - partial
39
Q

What are some KOP selective agonists?

A

Butorphanol

Nalbuphine

40
Q

What are the location of MOP receptors?

A 
Throughout pain pathways of CNS
Spinal cord dorsal horn
CTZ
Basal ganglia
Limbic centres
Cortex and thalamus
Myenterix plexus
41
Q

Where are KOP receptors located?

A 
Spinal cord dorsal horn
Basal ganglia
Limbic centres
Cortex and thalamus
Myenteric plexus
42
Q

Where are the DOP receptors located?

A

Spinal cord dorsal horn
Basal ganglia
Cortex and thalamus

43
Q

What are the selective actions of MOP receptors?

A 
Analgesia (strong)
Cough suppression
Constipation
Sedation
Motor excitation in some species
Respiratory depression
Tolerance and dependence
Vomiting
44
Q

What are the selective actions of KOP receptors?

A

Analgesia (moderate)
Sedation
Dysphoria

45
Q

What are the selective actions of DOP receptors?

A

Analgesia (mild)

Motor excitation?

46
Q

What is a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist?

A

Butorphanol
Antagonist of MOP receptors so relatively poor analgesia
Agonist at some KOP receptors giving some analgesia, sedation and dysphoria

47
Q

What are opioid antagonists?

A

Naloxone

Diprenorphine

48
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Buprenorphine
Has the same overall action as agonists but doesn’t produce maximal effect giving analgesia but not as profound as full agonists

49
Q

What are the possible routes of administration of opioids?

A

IV, IM, SC, oral, oral transmucosal, spinal/epidural, intra-articular, transdermal

50
Q

What are the side effects of opioids?

A

Arousal
Dysphoria
Vomiting and nausea
Variation in pupillary diameter (miosis dogs, mydriasis cats)
Thermoregulaion (decrease in dogs, increase in others)
Respiratory depression
Bradycardia

51
Q

What regulations cover use of pure opioid agonists?

A

Must be kept in a locked cupboard
Records kept of purchase and use
Special prescription requirements
Must be disposed of according to legislation

52
Q

What regulations cover use of partial opioid agonists?

A

Should be kept in a locked cupboard with pure opioids but no record of use is necessary

53
Q

What is tramadol?

A

Weak MOP agonist
Serotonin re-uptake inhibiting
Norepinephine re-uptake inhibiting
NMDA receptor antagonist

54
Q

What are the actions of NSAIDs?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Anti-pyretic
Acute and chronic use

55
Q

What are the indications for ketamine?

A

Skin surgeries and neuropathic pain

56
Q

How is ketamine used to manage pain?

A

Adjuvant to pain management at sub-anaesthetic doses blocks NMDA receptor

Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions