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Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Ectoparasiticides in SA practice > Flashcards

Ectoparasiticides in SA practice Flashcards

1
Q

Which parasites are classed as insects?

A

Diptera (flies)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Phthiraptera (lice)

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2
Q

Which parasites are classed as arachnida?

A

Acarina (ticks and mites)

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3
Q

What are the drugs that kill insects called?

A

Insecticides

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4
Q

What are the drugs that kill acarina called?

A

Acaricides

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5
Q

What are the objectives of therapy for flea allergic dermatitis (FAD)?

A

Kill fleas in the hair coat
Protect against re-infection
Eliminate the environmental reservoir and prevent subsequent generations

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6
Q

What is used to kill adult fleas in the haircoat?

A

Adulticide

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7
Q

What is used to kill immature stages in carpet/refuge?

A

Killed on emergence or not replaced due to the effects of adulticide
IGR/IDI usage
Vacuum cleaner

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8
Q

Which drugs are thought of as traditional insecticides?

A 
Organophosphates
Organochlorines
Carbamates
Pyrethroids
Other botanical products
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9
Q

What are some newer adulticide drugs?

A

Imidacloprid/nitenpyram/dinotefuran
Fipronil/pyriprole
Selamectin

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10
Q

What are the advantages of the newer adulticide drugs?

A

Efficacy (better)
Ease of use
Persistence
Safe

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11
Q

What are some new adulticides that have been developed in the past few years?

A 
Indoxacarb (Activyl)/with permethrin (Activyl Tick Plus)
Fipronil/methoprene/amitraz (Certifect)
Spinosad (Comfortis)
Fluralaner (Bravecto)
Afoxolaner (NexGard)
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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of spinosad?

A

Tetracyclic macrolide

Targets nACh receptor

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13
Q

Which species is spinosad able to be used on?

A

Dogs and now cats too

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14
Q

What does spinosad have a label claim for?

A

Fleas only

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15
Q

What is the trade name for spinosad?

A

Comfortis

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16
Q

What is the OOA and DOA of spinosad?

A 
Rapid kill with 80-100% at 4 hours
Persists for (3-)4 weeks
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17
Q

How is spinosad administered?

A

Orally

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18
Q

What are the side effects of spinosad?

A

Vomiting in 4-5% dogs and 10-14% of cats

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19
Q

What are the contra-indications of spinosad?

A

Don’t give with ivermectin

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20
Q

What are the active ingredients of Certifect?

A

Fipronil, methoprene, amitraz

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21
Q

What species can Certifect be used for?

A

Dog only

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22
Q

How is Certifect administrated?

A

Spot-on

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23
Q

How often does Certifect need to be applied?

A

Every 4 weeks

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24
Q

What does Certifect have a label claim for?

A

Fleas
Trichodectes canis
Ticks

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25
Q

What is the active ingredient in Activyl?

A

Indoxacarb

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of indoxacarb?

A

Sodium channel blocker with bio-activation by esterase/amidase in the flea so not toxic to host species

27
Q

What is the route of administration of Activyl?

A

Spot-on

28
Q

What is the OOA and DOA of Activyl?

A

> 90% activity within 8 hours

4 weeks

29
Q

What does Activyl have a label claim for?

A

Fleas

30
Q

What are the active ingredients in Activyl Tick Plus?

A

Indoxacarb and permethrin

31
Q

What is the route of administration of Activyl Tick Plus?

A

Spot-on

32
Q

What is the DOA of Activyl Tick Plus?

A

4 weeks

33
Q

What is the label claim for Activyl Tick Plus?

A

Fleas and ticks (Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Amblyomma)

34
Q

What is the active ingredient in Scalibor?

A

4% deltamethrin

35
Q

What is the DOA of Scalibor?

A

6 months

36
Q

What is Scalibor active against?

A

Sandflies
Mosquitos
Ticks

37
Q

What is the route of administration of Scalibor?

A

Collar

38
Q

What is the WHO definition of insecticide resistance?

A

Development of an ability in a strain of some organism to tolerate doses of an intoxicant that would prove lethal to a majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species

39
Q

What are the mechanisms of insecticide resistance?

A

Detoxification using hydrolases or mixed function oxidases

Target site modification such as AChE/nAChE/Na channel/GABA receptor

40
Q

In which species of agricultural importance has fipronil resistance been reported?

A

German cockroaches
Anopheles mosquitos
Houseflies

41
Q

In which species of agricultural importance has imidacloprid resistance been reported?

A

Colorado potato beetles
Aphids
Whitefly

42
Q

What are the different IGR/IDI drugs?

A

Lufenuron
Cyromazine
Pyriproxifen
Methoprene

43
Q

How can lufenuron be administered?

A

Orally in dogs

Injection or orally in cats

44
Q

How can cyromazine be administered?

A

Household spray

45
Q

How can pyriproxifen and methoprene be administered?

A

On animal or as a household spray

46
Q

What does IGR stand for?

A

Insect growth regulator

47
Q

How do IGRs work?

A

By disrupting development processes

Juvenile hormone analogues disrupt growth in immature insects

48
Q

What does IDI stand for?

A

Insect development inhibitors

49
Q

What are some examples of juvenile hormone analogues?

A

Methoprene and pyriproxyfen

50
Q

What is an example of an IDI?

A

Lufenuron

51
Q

How do IDIs work?

A

Inhibit chitin sythesis

52
Q

What are two oral products that can be used to treat fleas in dogs and cats?

A

Capstar

Comfortis

53
Q

Which oral products can be used against fleas and ticks in dogs only?

A

NexGard

Bravecto

54
Q

What sprays are available against fleas, ticks and lice?

A

Frontline

Effipro

55
Q

What spot-ons can be used against fleas only in dogs and cats?

A

Activyl

Advantage

56
Q

Which spot-on products can be used in dogs and cats against fleas and ticks?

A

Frontline/Frontline combo

Effipro

57
Q

What spot-on product can be used in dogs against fleas and ticks?

A

Prac-tic
Advantix
Vectra 3D

58
Q

What endectocides can be used in dogs and cats?

A

Stronghold

Advocate

59
Q

What drugs can be used against sarcoptes?

A

Selamectin (Stronghold) - x2 q 4 weeks minimum
Imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advocate) - x2 q 4 weeks
Amitraz (Aludex) - weekly for 6 treatments

60
Q

Which parasites is trial therapy effective for?

A

Scabies
Flea-related dermatitis
Pyoderma
Malassezia dermatitis

61
Q

What drugs can be used against Demodex?

A

Imidacloprid + moxidectin (Advocate) - q 7d
Amitraz + metaflumizone (Promeris Duo) - monthly
Amitrax (Aludex) - weekly for 8-16 weeks
Ivermectin/milbemycin (not licensed)

62
Q

What can be used against ticks in cats?

A

Fipronil

Seresto collar

Principles of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (8 decks)

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