Pain Flashcards
Pain is what the patient says it is
Meinhart and McCaffrey, 1983
Craig and Williams 2017 (stress definition)
Pain is a distressing experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage with sensory, emotional, cognitive and social components
Koleck et al 2012
Pain has numerous social factors underlying it e.g. social support, isolation, changing of social roles, social coping etc.
Social support = lower levels of acute pain, regardless of it being a friend or a stranger
Brown et al, 2003
Gatchel 1996
Social support is said to play an increased role in pain management as pain becomes more chronic
Satisfaction with social support is significantly associated with depressed mood and pain intensity
Lopez-Matinez et al 2008
Perez, 2018
Family cohesion predicts openness to and acceptance of pain (chronic) and improvement in therapy - pain management
Individual social functioning has also been linked with higher symptomology and worse treatment outcome in adolescents
Wurm et al 2017
Pinto et al 2018
factors relating to emotional distress pre-surgical anxiety and surgical fear - linked with long term surgical consequences
Pain tolerance is increased by relaxation - ‘mindfulness’/meditation and cognitive rehearsal
Bobey and Davidson 1990
Turk 2002
Much empirical evidence for psychology effectively treating chronic pain
Phantom limb pain - similar to other chronic pain syndromes in that episodes are greatly influenced by psychological factors e.g. stress and depression
So can control these with CBT
Sherman et al 2000
Linton 2001
Substantial reduction in number of cases of back pain exposure to psychological risk factor was eliminated
Congenital analgesia - can’t feel physical pain, leading to repeated and severe injuries
Losa et al 1989
Dickenson 2012
Physical factors can be controlled with pharmacological interventions - if control the physical pain, psychological factors influenced by this will be reduced, improving social aspects
Understanding the physiology of pain is more important than the psychological and social factors to understanding –> treating
Calvin and Fallon 2017
Craig and Williams 2017
pain is a distressing experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage with sensory, emotional, cognitive or social components
Pain is what the patient says it is
Meinhart and McCaffrey 1983
Wilson and Doyle 1996
Understanding child pain is important - they may not be able to communicate the pain or understand it and to validate parents worries
Important to measure pain - inform treatment, increase understanding, understand severity and whether treatment is necessary
Ogden 2009
Tarbell et al 1992
Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale (TPPPS) Observational scale, ages 1-5 1) Vocal pain 2) Facial pain expression 3) Bodily pain expression
Faces scale - shown to be appropriate in child acute pain
4/5 years old - suitable due to linear interval scale similarity
Hicks et al 2001
Recurrent pain in childhood is more common and we must catch chronic pain early to help with everyday functioning
Child Activity Limitations Interview (CALI): Assessing functional impairment in children with chronic pain
Palermo et al 2004
Fortier and Kain, 2014
60% of young children undergoing surgery to combat pain/anaesthesia report significant anxiety - dear about surgery and separation from parents
Must tailor treatments to the unique characteristics of the child and family
Campos et al 2010
Parent anxiety = important as it can influence child’s anxiety esp. post surgery
Fortier and Kain 2014
McBeth et al 2012
CBT: successful, substantial and sustained improvements in children with widespread chronic pain
Interdisciplinary pain care = most effective with interventions being delivered to parents of children with chronic pain shown to have promising effects in decreasing maladaptive parenting behaviours in reducing distress
Fisher et al 2018
Feinstein et al 2017
Emotional distress = strongest predictor of pain interference for children, whereas pain intensity was strongest predictor in adult groups
Age = moderator of pain catastrophizing
CBT and psychological methods are more effective in children than adults, especially in chronic pain
Polermo et al 2009
Park and Hughes 2012
Unknown why psychological methods are more effective in children than adults
Parents = more influential in altering mood than relatives (adult pain)
Bellin et al 2013
Elliott et al 1999
Chronic pain is that lasting longer than 3 months
Barriers in managing chronic pain are social, psychological and physical
Rouch et al 2017
Mechanic 1987
psychological aspects of pain confuse cause and effect aspect of chronic pain - unclear
They can be secondary to the chronic pain or predate it
Psychological factors are suggested to exacerbate the pain condition and exacerbate recovery time
Osterveis, 1987
Non-pharmacological pain management therapies - reduced effectiveness in adults - unknown why
Park and Hughes 2012
Polermo et al 2009
CBT = more effective in treating chronic pain in children
Pain is a human experience - socially constructed?
Brodwin 1994
Gold, 2001
Many social consequences of pain
Social problem-solving model
Many interacting metaprocesses to detect maladaptive components of problem solving
coping in social environments and extent to which chronic pain interferes with social functioning
Ribera 2014
Smith 2019
Chronic pain leads to isolation, loneliness and decreases social network support
Exacerbates chronic pain
Pain is physical, leads to decreased physical functioning and sedentary lifestyle
Kempert 2019
Wilson et al 2010
Pain limits functioning, decreasing physical leisure activity, decreased body awareness
Physical pain decreases resilience
Bartley 2019
Thomas 2003
Psychogenic chronic pain
Not classed as having ‘real’ physical pain
Not managed properly - wrong treatment - poses a challenge
Reducing the pain which is chronic poses a challenge for medical professionals
Prescription of medication & pharmacological treatment can reduce physical pain
SAMHSA 2012
Edwards 2005
Hyper-sensitivity to pain, altering pain-related processes - protection against chronic pain
Need to identify multi-modal interaction which can be linked to experience of chronic pain
Fancourt 2018
