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Health essays > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Pain is what the patient says it is

A

Meinhart and McCaffrey, 1983

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2
Q

Craig and Williams 2017 (stress definition)

A

Pain is a distressing experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage with sensory, emotional, cognitive and social components

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3
Q

Koleck et al 2012

A

Pain has numerous social factors underlying it e.g. social support, isolation, changing of social roles, social coping etc.

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4
Q

Social support = lower levels of acute pain, regardless of it being a friend or a stranger

A

Brown et al, 2003

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5
Q

Gatchel 1996

A

Social support is said to play an increased role in pain management as pain becomes more chronic

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6
Q

Satisfaction with social support is significantly associated with depressed mood and pain intensity

A

Lopez-Matinez et al 2008

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7
Q

Perez, 2018

A

Family cohesion predicts openness to and acceptance of pain (chronic) and improvement in therapy - pain management

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8
Q

Individual social functioning has also been linked with higher symptomology and worse treatment outcome in adolescents

A

Wurm et al 2017

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9
Q

Pinto et al 2018

A

factors relating to emotional distress pre-surgical anxiety and surgical fear - linked with long term surgical consequences

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10
Q

Pain tolerance is increased by relaxation - ‘mindfulness’/meditation and cognitive rehearsal

A

Bobey and Davidson 1990

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11
Q

Turk 2002

A

Much empirical evidence for psychology effectively treating chronic pain

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12
Q

Phantom limb pain - similar to other chronic pain syndromes in that episodes are greatly influenced by psychological factors e.g. stress and depression
So can control these with CBT

A

Sherman et al 2000

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13
Q

Linton 2001

A

Substantial reduction in number of cases of back pain exposure to psychological risk factor was eliminated

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14
Q

Congenital analgesia - can’t feel physical pain, leading to repeated and severe injuries

A

Losa et al 1989

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15
Q

Dickenson 2012

A

Physical factors can be controlled with pharmacological interventions - if control the physical pain, psychological factors influenced by this will be reduced, improving social aspects

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16
Q

Understanding the physiology of pain is more important than the psychological and social factors to understanding –> treating

A

Calvin and Fallon 2017

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17
Q

Craig and Williams 2017

A

pain is a distressing experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage with sensory, emotional, cognitive or social components

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18
Q

Pain is what the patient says it is

A

Meinhart and McCaffrey 1983

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19
Q

Wilson and Doyle 1996

A

Understanding child pain is important - they may not be able to communicate the pain or understand it and to validate parents worries

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20
Q

Important to measure pain - inform treatment, increase understanding, understand severity and whether treatment is necessary

A

Ogden 2009

21
Q

Tarbell et al 1992

A 
Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale (TPPPS)
Observational scale, ages 1-5
1) Vocal pain 
2) Facial pain expression 
3) Bodily pain expression
22
Q

Faces scale - shown to be appropriate in child acute pain

4/5 years old - suitable due to linear interval scale similarity

A

Hicks et al 2001

23
Q

Recurrent pain in childhood is more common and we must catch chronic pain early to help with everyday functioning
Child Activity Limitations Interview (CALI): Assessing functional impairment in children with chronic pain

A

Palermo et al 2004

24
Q

Fortier and Kain, 2014

A

60% of young children undergoing surgery to combat pain/anaesthesia report significant anxiety - dear about surgery and separation from parents

25
Q

Must tailor treatments to the unique characteristics of the child and family

A

Campos et al 2010

26
Q

Parent anxiety = important as it can influence child’s anxiety esp. post surgery

A

Fortier and Kain 2014

27
Q

McBeth et al 2012

A

CBT: successful, substantial and sustained improvements in children with widespread chronic pain

28
Q

Interdisciplinary pain care = most effective with interventions being delivered to parents of children with chronic pain shown to have promising effects in decreasing maladaptive parenting behaviours in reducing distress

A

Fisher et al 2018

29
Q

Feinstein et al 2017

A

Emotional distress = strongest predictor of pain interference for children, whereas pain intensity was strongest predictor in adult groups
Age = moderator of pain catastrophizing

30
Q

CBT and psychological methods are more effective in children than adults, especially in chronic pain

A

Polermo et al 2009

31
Q

Park and Hughes 2012

A

Unknown why psychological methods are more effective in children than adults

32
Q

Parents = more influential in altering mood than relatives (adult pain)

A

Bellin et al 2013

33
Q

Elliott et al 1999

A

Chronic pain is that lasting longer than 3 months

34
Q

Barriers in managing chronic pain are social, psychological and physical

A

Rouch et al 2017

35
Q

Mechanic 1987

A

psychological aspects of pain confuse cause and effect aspect of chronic pain - unclear
They can be secondary to the chronic pain or predate it

36
Q

Psychological factors are suggested to exacerbate the pain condition and exacerbate recovery time

A

Osterveis, 1987

37
Q

Non-pharmacological pain management therapies - reduced effectiveness in adults - unknown why

A

Park and Hughes 2012

38
Q

Polermo et al 2009

A

CBT = more effective in treating chronic pain in children

39
Q

Pain is a human experience - socially constructed?

A

Brodwin 1994

40
Q

Gold, 2001

A

Many social consequences of pain

41
Q

Social problem-solving model
Many interacting metaprocesses to detect maladaptive components of problem solving
coping in social environments and extent to which chronic pain interferes with social functioning

A

Ribera 2014

42
Q

Smith 2019

A

Chronic pain leads to isolation, loneliness and decreases social network support
Exacerbates chronic pain

43
Q

Pain is physical, leads to decreased physical functioning and sedentary lifestyle

A

Kempert 2019

44
Q

Wilson et al 2010

A

Pain limits functioning, decreasing physical leisure activity, decreased body awareness

45
Q

Physical pain decreases resilience

A

Bartley 2019

46
Q

Thomas 2003

A

Psychogenic chronic pain
Not classed as having ‘real’ physical pain
Not managed properly - wrong treatment - poses a challenge

47
Q

Reducing the pain which is chronic poses a challenge for medical professionals
Prescription of medication & pharmacological treatment can reduce physical pain

A

SAMHSA 2012

48
Q

Edwards 2005

A

Hyper-sensitivity to pain, altering pain-related processes - protection against chronic pain

49
Q

Need to identify multi-modal interaction which can be linked to experience of chronic pain

A

Fancourt 2018

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