Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaesthetics > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the number of people who live with persistent pain

A

1 in 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State the number one disease for years lost to disability worldwide

A

Lower back pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the physical benefits of treating pain

A

Improved sleep, better appetite, fewer medical complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State the psychological benefits of treating pain

A

Reduced suffering, less depression, anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acute pain

A

Pain of recent onset and probable limited duration usually from inflammed and damaged tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chronic pain

A

Lasts longer than 3 months and lasts after normal healing which tends to be more neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cancer pain

A

Progressive, and may be a mixture of acute and chronic (mixture of nociceptive, neuropathic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain resulting from obvious tissue injury or illness. Often due to protective function. Can be described as sharp and dull and is always well localised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Nervous system damage or abnormality. Described as burning, shooting and numbness, pins and needles. It it never well localised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State the chemicals released to cause pain

A

Prostaglandins, Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe pain in the periphery

A

Tissue injury

Release of chemicals e.g. Prostaglandins, Substance P

Stimulation of pain receptors (nociceptors)

Signal travels in Aδ or C nerve to spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe pain in spinal chord

A

Dorsal horn is the first relay station

Aδ or C nerve synapses (connects) with second nerve

Second nerve travels up opposite side of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe pain in the brain

A

Thalamus is the second relay station

Connections to many parts of the brain
Cortex
Limbic system
Brainstem

Pain perception occurs in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe pain modulation

A

Descending pathway from brain to dorsal horn

Usually decreases pain signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

State some example of neuropathic pain

A

Nerve trauma, diabetic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic tension headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

State the pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain

A

Increased receptor numbers

Abnormal sensitisation of nerves

Chemical changes in the dorsal horn

Loss of normal inhibitory modulation

18
Q

State the treatment of periphery pain

A

Rest, ice, compression, elevation, NSAIDs, local anaesthetics

19
Q

State the treatments that act on pain signals in the spinal chord

A

Acupuncture, massage, TENS, local anaesthetics, opioids (inhibit the passage of the pain signal), ketamine (prevent requirement of dose increasing of opiates NMDA receptor antagonist)

20
Q

State the treatments of pain in the brain

A 
Psychological 
Paracetamol
Opioids
Amitriptyline (alpha agonist) 
Clonidine
21
Q

State the advantages of paracetamol

A

Cheap, safe

Can be given orally, rectally or intravenously

22
Q

What is paracetamol good for

A

Mild pain and moderate to severe pain

23
Q

State the disadvantages of paracetamol

A

Liver damage in overdose

24
Q

NSAIDs advantages

A

Cheap and generally safe and good for nociceptive pain (best given regularly with paracetamol)

25
Q

State the disadvantages of NSAIDs

A

Gastrointestinal and renal side effects plus sensitive asthmatics

26
Q

State the advantages of codeine

A

Cheap, safe

Good for mild-moderate acute nociceptive pain

27
Q

State the disadvantages of codeine

A

Constipation

Not good for chronic pain

28
Q

State the advantages of morphine

A

Cheap, generally safe
Can be given orally, IV, IM, SC
Effective if given regularly

29
Q

What is morphine good for

A

Mod-severe acute nociceptive pain (e.g. post-op pain)

Chronic cancer pain

30
Q

State the disadvantages of morphine

A

Constipation
Respiratory depression in high dose
Misunderstandings about addiction
Controlled drug

31
Q

What is tramadol

A

Weak opioid effect plus inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake

32
Q

State the advantages of tramadol

A

Less respiratory depression
Can be used with opioids and simple analgesics
Not a controlled drug

33
Q

State the disadvantages of tramadol

A

Nausea and vomiting

34
Q

How does amitriptyline work

A

Increases descending inhibitory pathway

35
Q

State the advantages of amitriptyline

A

Cheap, safe in low dose
Good for neuropathic pain
Also treats depression, poor sleep

36
Q

State the disadvantages of amitriptyline

A

Anti-cholinergic side effects (e.g. glaucoma, urinary retention

37
Q

State the anticonvulsant drugs used in pain management

A

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Sodium valproate (Epilim)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)

38
Q

How do anticonvulsants work in pain relief

A

Membrane stabilisers and so reduce abnormal firing of nerves making them good for neuropathic pain

39
Q

Step 1 WHO health ladder (mild to moderate pain)

A

Non-opioids - aspirin, NSAIDS or paracetamol

40
Q

Step 2 WHO health ladder (moderate to severe pain)

A

Mild opioids (codiene) with or without non-opioids

41
Q

Step 3 WHO pain relief ladder

A

Severe pain, treat with strong opioids with or without non-opioids

42
Q

How should Neuropathic pain be treated

A

use other drugs early (amitriptylline, gabapentin and duloxetine)

Anaesthetics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions