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Medical Surgical Nursing > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is primarily inadequately treated for pain?

A

Older adults, substance abusers, and those whose primary language differs from that of the health care profession

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2
Q

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

A

Pain

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3
Q

What is the most reliable indication or (source) for indication of pain?

A

Self-report

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4
Q

What type of pain is short-lived and often results from sudden, accidental trauma (fractures, burns, lacerations) or from surgery, ischemia, or temporary inflammation?

A

Acute pain

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5
Q

What type of pain results from persistent pain associated with cancer and is usually the result of tissue changes from tumor growth?

A

Chronic cancer pain

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6
Q

What type of pain is associated with past or ongoing tissue damage, such as persistent back or neck pain or osteoarthritis pain?

A

Chronic non-cancer pain

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7
Q

What is the most common type of chronic pain?

A

Non-cancer pain

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8
Q

Which type of pain serves as a biological purpose by sending a warning signal to activate the sympathetic nervous system and cause various physiological responses?

A

Acute pain

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9
Q

What are some common reactions of a patient with acute pain?

A

Increased vital signs, sweating, and dilated pupils. Restlessness, inability to concentrate, apprehension, and overall distress of varying degrees

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10
Q

What determines a diagnoses of pain? What doesn’t?

A

What the patient says and rates.

The absence of physiological and behavioral responses does not mean the absence of pain

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11
Q

Pain that lasts or reoccurs for an indefinite period, usually for more than 3 months. The onset is gradual and the character and quality change over time. It also serves no biological purpose

A

Chronic pain

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12
Q

What causes cancer pain?

A

Tumor growth, including nerve compression, invasion of tissue, and/or bone metastasis, repetitive blood withdraws, surgery, and toxicities from chemotherapy and radiation therapy

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13
Q

Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, interstitial cystitis, stroke, paralysis, CNS damage, and fibromyalgia all are examples of what type of pain?

A

Chronic non-cancer pain

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14
Q

How pain becomes a conscious experience through normal functioning of physiological systems is called?

A

Nociception

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15
Q

What is transduction?

A

The first process of nociception, refers to the means which noxious events activate neurons and exist throughout the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, and visceral, or somatic structures) that have the ability to respond selectively to specific noxious stimuli

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16
Q

Name some excitatory compounds that stimulate the release of nociceptors in the process of transduction

A

Serotonin, bradykinin, histamine, substance p, and prostaglandins

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17
Q

What is transmission?

A

The second process in nociception when effective transduction generates an electrical signal (action potential) that is transmitted in the nerve fibers from the PNS toward the CNS. May cause a reflex withdraw response from painful stimuli

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18
Q

What is perception in terms of pain?

A

The third process in nociception. End result of transmission or response. The conscious awareness of pain, involving higher brain structures (the cortex), awareness and occurrence of emotions and drives associated with pain

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19
Q

What is modulation?

A

The response to the noxious stimuli. Happens at every level of the periphery to the cortex. Multiple peripheral and central systems and dozens of neurochemicals are involved. Example: endorphins are found throughout the PNS and the CNS and they inhibit neuronal activity by binding to opioid receptors. Serotonin and norepinephrine are released in the spinal cord and brain stem by the descending fibers to inhibit pain

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20
Q

What type of pain is the result of actual or potential tissue damage or inflammation and is often characterized as being somatic or visceral?

A

Nociceptive pain

21
Q

Pain that arises from the skin and musculoskeletal structures?

A

Somatic pain

22
Q

Pain that arises from organs

A

Visceral pain

23
Q

Pain characterized by damage to or dysfunction of the PNS and/or CNS, the abnormal processing of stimuli, and/or may occur in the absence of tissue damage or inflammation

A

Neuropathic pain

24
Q

What kind of pain is described by “burning”, “stabbing”, and feeling “pins and needles”?

A

Neuropathic pain

25
Q

What are some things to consider when assessing a patient for pain?

A

The location of pain, the intensity of pain (rated on scale), quality (describe pain), onset and duration, aggravating and relieving factors, effect of pain on function and quality of life, comfort-function (pain intensity), and other things like culture, past pain experiences, medical history

26
Q

Involves the use of two or more classes of analgesics to target different pain mechanisms in the PNS or CNS

A

Multimodal Analgesics

27
Q

Involves the administration of local anesthetics, opioids, and other drugs along the continuum care, during the preoperative, intra operative, and postoperative periods

A

Preemptive analgesia

28
Q

The preferred route of administration for analgesics?

A

Oral route

29
Q

ATC stands for?

A

Around-the-clock

30
Q

PRN stands for?

A

As needed

31
Q

An interactive method of management that allows patients to treat their pain by self-administering doses of analgesics

A

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

32
Q

What routes of administration are offered for PCA?

A

IV, subcutaneous, epidural, and perineural

33
Q

What makes up the non-opioid analgesic group?

A

Acetaminophen and NSAIDs

34
Q

A non-opioid analgesic that has antipyretic properties, but is not effective in treating inflammation

A

Acetaminophen

35
Q

A non-opioid analgesic that has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties

A

NSAIDS

36
Q

These drugs produce pain relief by blocking prostaglandins through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in the PNS

A

Non-opioid analgesics

37
Q

Drugs used for mild to moderate nociceptive pain such as; surgery, trauma, osteoarthritis. Not effective against neuropathic pain

A

Non-opioid analgesics

38
Q

Oxycodone (acetaminophen)(Percocet), hydrocodone (acetaminophen) (Vicodin, Lortab, Vicoprofen) are what kind of drugs and are used for?

A

Non-opioid/opioid combination drugs used for treatment of mild to moderate acute pain

39
Q

Recommended as first-line for musculoskeletal pain (osteoarthritis) in older adults

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

40
Q

Used for chronic inflammatory pain (rheumatoid arthritis)

A

NSAIDs

41
Q

What is the most serious complication of acetaminophen?

A

Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)

42
Q

Ibuprofen (Motrin, Novo-Profen), naproxen (Naprosyn, Nu-Naproxen), and celecoxib (Celebrix) are most widely used as

A

Oral NSAIDs

43
Q

What are the adverse effects of NSAIDs?

A

Gastric toxicity, ulcerations, cardiovascular issues, and also affects renal function

44
Q

The main analgesics for moderate to severe nociceptive types of pain, such as postoperative, surgical, trauma, and burn pain

A

Opioid Analgesics

45
Q

What are some unwanted effects of opioid analgesics?

A

Constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression

46
Q

This drug binds to receptors in the CNS to block the release of the neurotransmitter substance P, which prevents the opening of calcium channels and the transmission of pain. They have no ceiling of analgesia. Increase the dose to increase pain relief without overdose.

A

Full or Mu Agonists

47
Q

First-line opioid analgesics for moderate to severe nociceptive pain. Morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and hydrocodone

A

Full or Mu Agonists

48
Q

Antagonists that bind to more than one type of opioid receptor. Antagonistic effect can trigger severe pain and opioid withdrawal syndrome with rhinitis, abdominal cramping, nausea, agitation, and restlessness. They produce dose ceiling effects, which means increasing dose will not increase effects. Used in low doses to antagonize opioid induced side effects such as pruritis

A

Mixed agonists

49
Q

Drug that has some kappa and Mu opioid receptor activity but produce analgesia plateau and are not easily reversed by opioid antagonist. Used to treat addiction

A

Partial agonist

Medical Surgical Nursing (2 decks)

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