Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophys 2 > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of pain?

A

To protect the body and maintain homeostasis by detecting, localizing and identifying potential or actual tissue-damaging processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pain is both ______ and _______

A

a physical sensation and an emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Descriptors of pain

A
  • Described in terms of penetrating or tissue destructive processes (stabbing, burning, twisting, tearing, squeezing)
  • Bodily / emotional reaction (nauseating, terrifying, sickening)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pain’s affected on vitals / body signs (5)

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased pupil diameter
  • Increased plasma cortisol levels
  • Local muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nocioceptor

A
  • Neuronal cell
  • Senses painful stimulation
  • Afferent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are primary afferent nocioceptors?

A

Nerves that convey pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are nocioceptors located?

A

Start as spinal nerves before they branch out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nocioceptors consist of what?

A

Consist of axons. Both primary sensory afferents and motor neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nicioceptors are classified by (3)

A
  • Diameter
  • Degree of myelination
  • Conduction velocity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alpha-beta nerves

  • Size
  • Type
  • Respond to what?
  • Location
  • Role in pain
A
  • Largest diameter afferent fibers
  • Somato-sensory fibers
  • Respond maximally to light touch and/or moving stimuli
  • Are present primarily in nerves that innervate the skin
  • The activity of these fibers does not produce pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myelinated A-Delta

- Function

A

Respond to painful stimuli: Convey low-intensity painful stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unmyelinated C-Fiber Axons

A

Respond to painful stimuli: Convey high-intensity painful stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two fibers of unmyelinated C-fiber axons

A
  • One projects into dorsal root ganglion: Alongside alpha-delta (SOMATOSENSORY - skin pain)
  • Other projects into sympathetic preganglionic region into the spinal cord (location of autonomic nervs (VISCERAL - organ pain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of noxious stimuli (4)

A
  • Intense temperatures
  • Intense mechanical stimuli (eg pinch)
  • Changes in pH (esp acidity)
  • Chemical irritants (exogenous and endogenous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of endogenous irritants

A
  • Inflammatory mediators

- Some components of intracellular fluid (eg potassium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensitization: What happens? (2)

A
  • Threshold for activating primary afferent nocioceptors is lowered
  • the frequency of firing is higher for all
17
Q

Sensitization: What causes it?

A

Intense, repeated or prolonged stimuli are applied to damaged or inflammed tissues.

18
Q

Primary activation of sensitivity:

  • Where does it happen?
  • What are the players?
A
  • Happens at site of injury
  • Cell damage and death causes acidity. Cell lyses, acid and K+ are released into extracellular fluid.
  • Prostaglandings and Bradykinin are released.
19
Q

Secondary activation of sensitivity:

When is Substance P released?

A

When the pain signal is conveyed to surrounding branches innervating the area.

20
Q

Action of Substance P (2)

A

TRIGGERS MORE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS:

1) Triggers mast cells, stimulates platelets
2) Triggers bradykinin in the bloodstream

21
Q

Referred pain is often the result of what?

A

ORAGAN pain

22
Q

Liver and gallbladder pain is predictably referred to: (2)

A
  • Right shoulder

- RUQ of abdomen

23
Q

Heart pain is predictably referred to (4):

A
  • Left chest
  • Arm
  • Shoulder
  • Jaw
24
Q

Colon pain is predictably referred to (1):

A

Middle of abdomen

25
Q

What is the mechanism for referred pain?

A

Convergence of C-fibers at spinal nerve, merges with afferent nocioceptors of the corresponding dermatome

26
Q

Ascending pathways for pain: 2

A
  • Somatosensory cortex

- Cerebral cortex (Anterior cingulate area, Frontal insular area)

27
Q

Somatosensory Cortex - functions

A

Responsible for the purely sensory aspects of pain (Location, intensity, quality)

28
Q

Cerebral cortex

  • Function
  • 2 areas
A
  • Affective / unpleasant emotional aspects of pain, suffering
  • Areas:
    (1) Anterior Cingulate Area
    (2) Frontal Insular Area
29
Q

The descending pathways are responsible for _____ ______.

A

Pain modulation

30
Q

In descending pathways for pain, wehre do inputs originate (2)?

A
  • Frontal cortex

- Hypothalamus

31
Q

In descending pathways, inputs from the frontal cortex and hypothalamus activate cells in the (1, 2) that ultimately control (3)

A

1) Midbrain
2) Medulla
3) Spinal-pain transmission cells

32
Q

What is physiologically responsible for the highly subjective nature of the experience of pain?

A

The descending Pain-Modulation Network

33
Q

Why does distraction provide pain relief?

A

Psychological variables can modulate the pain experience through the descending pain modulation network

34
Q

Opioid drugs work through what circuit?

A

Descending pain modulation network

35
Q

Each of the components of the descending pain pathway contain _____ receptors

A

OPIOID

36
Q

What two peptides are present in the descending pain pathway? What does this suggest?

A
  • Enkephalins
  • Beta Endorphins

**Suggests an endogenous opioid analgesic pathway

Pathophys 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions