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Pathophys 2 > Malformation and Dev Neuro > Flashcards

Malformation and Dev Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Cerebral Cortex

A

Higher brain function, including thought. Receives and processes sensations; initiates movement

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2
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Sensory nerve impulses pass through here on their way to the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Controls the endocrine system. Regulates sleep, sexual function, body temperature and water content.

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4
Q

Function of Basal nuclei

A

Islands of gray matter; helps coordinate movement.

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5
Q

Funcntion of cerebellum

A

Involved in balance and control of muscle movement

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6
Q

Function of brainstem (general)

A

Relays nerve impulses between the spinal cord and the brain. Controls vital functions such as heart rate and breathing.

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7
Q

3 parts of brain stem

A

Midbrain, PONS, Medulla

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8
Q

Function of Midbrain

A

Vision, hearing, eye movement, body movement

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9
Q

Function of PONS

A

Involved in motor control, sensory analysis. Important for level of consciousness, sleep.

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10
Q

Function of Medulla

A

Maintains breathing.

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11
Q

What happens in gray matter?

A

Nerve impulses originate?

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12
Q

Two abnormalities of brain volume

A
  • Megalencephaly

- Microencephaly

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13
Q

Incomplete / inadequate separation of the cerebral hemispheres (right and left)

A

Holoproencephaly

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14
Q

Network of fibers connecting two hemispheres have not developed. Fairly benign.

A

Agenesis of Corpus Colosum

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15
Q

Four forebrain abnormalities:

A
  • Microencephaly
  • Megaoencephaly
  • Holoproencephaly
  • Agenesis of Corpus colosum
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16
Q

What occurs with a forebrain abnormality? What’s the prognosis?

A

The development of the brain is affected. Often leads to stillbirth.

17
Q

What occurs with neural tube defects? What is the prognosis?

A

Source of the problem is in the early development of the nervous system in utero. Prognosis varies widely.

18
Q

Defect: When hte soft, bony components of the skull and brain are missing. Most severe form of neural defects. Tube fails to fuse at head region.

A

Ancephaly

19
Q

A herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull, resulting in a sac-like structure.

A

Encephalocele

20
Q

Where does encephalocele most commonly occur?

A

Most commonly in occipital portion (back of head). Also in temporal, frontal, nasopharyngeal

21
Q

Caudal variations of neural tube defects (3), Which is the worst?

A
  • Spinal bifida occluda
  • Meningocele
  • Myelomeingocele (spina bifida cystica)*** WORST.
22
Q

Spina Bifida Occluda

  • What is it?
  • Clinical manifestations
A
  • Failure of spinal cord to fuse
  • “Hidden”
  • Sometimes completely asymptomatic, sometimes there is a tuft of hair at the surface of the skin.
23
Q

Meningocele

  • What is it?
  • What does it look like?
  • Treatment
A
  • Herniation of meninges and spinal fluid with spinal cord intact and in appropriate location
  • Sac-like cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid forms when the neural tube fails to close completely.
  • Fairly easily corrected with surgery
24
Q

Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida Cystica)

  • What occurs?
  • Prognosis
  • Clinical manifestations
A
  • Spinal cord and nerve roots herneate into a sac comprising the meninges.
  • Worst of the caudal spinal cord abnormalities.
  • Clinical manifestations may impair ability to walk, bowel / bladder control.
25
Q

When does neural development occur?

A

3rd week of gestation

26
Q

What germ cells become neural tube

–> CNS?

A

Ectoderm

27
Q

What cells become the peripheral nervous system (Cranial nerves, spinal cord)

A

NEural crest cells

28
Q

Define “static encephalopathy”

A

A condition that happens as the result of a singular injury; is not progressive in nature.

29
Q

What is the most common cause of perinatally induced cerebral palsy?

A

Ischemia

30
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors – Prenatal Maternal (9)

A
  • Metabolic diseases
  • Nutritional deficencies (eg anemia)
  • Twin or multiple births
  • Bleeding
  • Toxemia
  • Blood incompatibilities
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Infection
  • Premature labor
31
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk Factor in Prematurity

A

Asphyxia leading to cerebral hemorrhage

32
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk factors – Genetic

A

Absence of corpus callosum, aqueductal stenosis, cerebellar hypoplasia

33
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk factors – Congenital abnormalities of the brain

A

Unknown causes not evident on clinical examination

34
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk factors – Perinatal (5)

A
  • Anesthesia or analgesia during labor and delivery
  • Mechanical trauma during delivery
  • Immaturity at bith
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Electrolyte disturbances
35
Q

Cerebral Palsy Risk factors – Postnatal

A
  • Head Trauma
  • Infections
  • Cerebrovascular accidents
  • Toxicosis
  • Environmental toxins
36
Q

3 parts of the brain may be affected to cause cerebral palsy.

  • Name them
  • Which is the most common?
A

(1) The primary motor cortex **
(2) Basal ganglia
(3) The cerebellum

**Most common

37
Q

Three categories of clinical features of cerebral palsy (and prevalence)

A

(1) Spastic (70-80%)
(2) Dystenetic (10-15%)
(3) Ataxic (<5%)

38
Q

How can a patient adequately manage cerebral palsy against contractures (3)?

A
  • Physical therapy
  • Hand splinting
  • Botox (limited benefit)
39
Q

Three manifestations of spastic cerebral palsy

A
  • Diplegia (both legs affected)
  • Hemiplegia (one side of body affected)
  • Quadriplegia (all 4 limbs affected)

Pathophys 2 (9 decks)

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