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MSc Bio psych > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

Pain is subjective and can be influenced by… (3)

A

Gender, Ethnicity, Personality

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2
Q

A physical source of pain with no perception of pain

A

Congenital Analgesia

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3
Q

What pathways are involved with pain?

A

Ascending & Descending

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4
Q

Nociceptors are pain receptors that respond to 3 types of pain:

A

Mechanical, Temperature & Chemical

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5
Q

Mechanical Nociceptors respond to:

A

Potentially damaging pressure or touch

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6
Q

Temperature Nociceptors respond to:

A

Extremes of heat & cold

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7
Q

Chemical Nociceptors respond to:

A

Noxious chemicals, including those released by the skin itself during injury

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8
Q

Nociceptors can also be: (2)

A

Unimodal & Polymodal

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9
Q

Unimodal Nociceptors respond to:

A

Only one type of pain sensation

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10
Q

Polymodal Nociceptors respond to:

A

multiple stimuli

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11
Q

Unimodal Nociceptors have a _____ threshold for stimulation, leading to a _____ response and _____ neural signal

A

Lower, Rapid, Short

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12
Q

Polymodal Nociceptors have a ____ threshold for activation but a _____ neural response.

A

Higher, Sustained

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13
Q

A Nociceptor is the (number)? part of the ascending pathway

A

2nd part, after the stimulus.

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14
Q

What are the two areas involved with the Descending Pathways? (2)

A

Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) & Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (RVM)

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15
Q

What do descending pathways potentially do?

A

Can influence perception of pain coming into the CNS via the ascending pathway

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16
Q

What do the two descending pathway areas contain? (2)

A
  1. High concentrations of opioid receptors
  2. Endogenous opioids
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17
Q

What does analgesic mean?

A

A medicine that relieves pain.

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18
Q

Descending pathways are also…

A

Monoaminergic

19
Q

What do descending pathways use as neurotransmitters? (2)

A

Serotonin & Noradrenaline

20
Q

What is battlefield analgesia (descending pathways)?

A

Where soldiers receive severe injuries with little immediate awareness of pain - meaning there’s increased pain threshold

21
Q

Psychological pain (stress/anxiety) can ______ pain

A

Exacerbate / make worse

22
Q

Where is Substance P found?

A

In the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

What is substance P associated with? (2)

A

Inflammatory processes & pain

24
Q

Intense pain is signalled by the release of… (2)

A

Glutamate & the neuromodulator substance P

25
Q

Injecting Substance P into the spinal cord will lead to…

A

The perception of intense pain in the area of the body that sends pain signals to that section of the spinal cord

26
Q

What does Monoaminergic mean?

A

Working on monoamine neurotransmitters (such as serotonin, dopamine etc)

27
Q

Examples of monoaminergic neurotransmitters: (3)

A

Serotonin, Dopamine, Histamine

28
Q

What does the gate control theory (1965) explain?

A

The underlying mechanism by which painful sensations can be reduced by activating a non-painful sensation.

29
Q

What is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

A grey matter structure of the dorsal spinal cord which modulates sensory information coming in from primary neurons.

30
Q

In Gate Control Theory, pain signal is transferred from the primary neuron to the secondary neuron via?

A

Neurotransmitters like Substance P & Glutamate

31
Q

When excitatory neurotransmitters are released to the secondary neuron, they bind to receptors, it causes…

A

EPSP’s - Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials in the membrane of the 2ndry neuron

32
Q

What happens in the substantia gelatinosa?

A

The primary neuron synapses with the secondary neuron

33
Q

Where in the body can pain be interrupted (like a gate)?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

34
Q

What is activated when relieving pain through touch?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

35
Q

What pathway inhibits pain signals?

A

The DCML pathway

36
Q

What does the lateral system in the brain use to locate pain?

A

The ventral posterior thalamus first, then the somatosensory cortex

37
Q

What does the medial system in the brain use to locate more psychological aspects of pain?

A

Several regions but most importantly the Singulate Cortex

38
Q

What is the traditional explanation for phantom limb theory?

A

Exposed nerve endings (neuromas) in the the limb

39
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

The body’s natural painkiller system

40
Q

What is Chronic Pain Syndrome?

A

When people have symptoms alongside pain, such as depression & anxiety

41
Q

What are examples of opiates for pain relief? (2)

(MC)

A

Morphine & Codeine

42
Q

Which pain receptor fibres have a large receptive field?

A

C

43
Q

Which pain receptor pathways have a small receptive field?

A

A-delta

MSc Bio psych (3 decks)

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