Pain Flashcards
is a sensation of physical or mental hurt or suffering that causes distress or agony to the one experiencing it.
pain
Theories of Pain
Pattern Theory, Specificity Theory, Gate control theory, affect theory, parallel processing model
A theory of pain which states that pain is perceived whenever the stimulus is intense enough.
Pattern theory
A theory of pain which states that there are specific nerve receptors for particular stimuli.
Ex. Nocireceptor for noxious stimuli, thermoreceptors for heat and cold, mechanoreceptors for pressure,pulling or tearing sensation, chemoreceptors for chemicals.
Specificity theory
A theory of pain which conceptualizes that there is a gate in the spinal cord called substantia gelatinosa.
gate control theory
A theory of pain which avers that the pain is emotional. The intensity of pain perceived depends on the value of the organ affected to the individual.
Affect theory
A theory of pain which believes that the physiologic or neurologic deciphering of the pain sensation and cognitive emotional properties occur along different nerve fibers.
Parallel processing model
Factors influencing the pain experience
age
Sex
Childhood
Cultural background
Physiologic factors
Previous experience
Religious beliefs
Expected response
Setting
Diagnosis
Physical/mental health
Knowledge/understanding
the amount of pain stimulation a person requires before feeling pain ( pain sensation)
pain threshold
the maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to endure.
pain tolerance
the actual feeling of pain
pain perception
universal stimulus of pain
bradykinin
excessive sensitivity to pain
Hyperalgesia
Types of responses to pain
Involuntary responses ( physiologic responses), Voluntary responses
Types of responses to pain
Involuntary responses ( physiologic responses), Voluntary responses
a response to pain mediated by autonomic nervous system (ANS)
a. sympathetic nervous system- mild to moderate b. parasympathetic nervous system- severe pain
Involuntary responses ( physiologic responses)
a. Behavioral responses ex. crying, moaning, grimacing, tossing in bed, splinting the painful area.
b. emotional responses- ex. Depression, withdrawal, social isolation.
Voluntary responses
Three stages of pain response:
activation
rebound
adaptation
begins with the perception of pain. The body assumes fight or flight reaction.
activation
the pain experienced is intense but brief.
rebound
this may be due to endorphins counteracting the pain, this occurs when the pain lasts for many hours or days.
adaptation
Types of Pain
CUTANEOUS OR SUPERFICIAL PAIN
SOMATIC PAIN
VISCERAL PAIN
REFERRED PAIN
INTRACTABLE PAIN
PHANTOM PAIN
RADIATING PAIN
PSYCHOGENIC PAIN
INTERMITTENT PAIN
it occurs over the body surface or skin segment
CUTANEOUS OR SUPERFICIAL PAIN
may be deep or superficial. It occurs in the skin, muscles or joints.
SOMATIC PAIN
it arises from stimulation of pain receptors in the abdominal cavity and thorax
VISCERAL PAIN
the pain is perceived at an area other than the site of injury
REFERRED PAIN
it is resistant to cure or relief
INTRACTABLE PAIN
it actual pain felt in a body part that is no longer present.
Ex. Pain experienced after amputation of a limb.
PHANTOM PAIN
it is felt at the source and extends to surrounding tissues.
RADIATING PAIN
it is primarily due to emotional factors, with no physiologic basis.
PSYCHOGENIC PAIN
pain that stops and starts again.
INTERMITTENT PAIN
This provides the information on the organ affected. Ex. RUQ, epigastric area
LOCATION
Whatever description the client gives, accept it as is, ex. Pricking, stabbing, dull, throbbing
CHARACTER/QUALITY
Use Scale of 0 to 10. 0=no pain, 1-3=mild pain, 4-6=moderate pain, 7-10= severe pain
INTENSITY/SEVERITY
EX. Chest pain in Angina pectoris can be relieved by rest or NTG.
FACTORS RELIEVE/AGGRAVATE PAIN
Ex. Back pain in a client with herniated nucleus pulposus which can no longer relieved bny medications may require surgery
EFFECTS OF ADL
What brings it on?
What were you doing when you first noticed it?
What makes it better? Worst?
Provoking/precipitating
How does it feel?
How intense/severe is it?
Quality
Where is it? Does it spread anywhere?
Radiation
How bad is it? Scale 0-10
Severity
Onset- when did it first occur?
Duration- How long did it last?
Frequency- How often does it occur?
Timing
