PAI Flashcards
1
Q
PAI History
A
Used rational and quantitative construction (theory driven, focusing on stability and correlation
Used a census matched sample
If 18 or more (5%) are unanswered don’t score
If scale is missing 20% of responses don’t interpret
2
Q
What are some reasons the PAI was developed?
A
- Has scales that reflect their names
- Breadth and Depth coverage of diagnosis
- Assess differed severity (1-4)
- Unbiased instrument
- Discriminate validity
- Good content validity –> diagnostically driven
- non overlapping scales
- theory driven
- based on DSM
3
Q
ICN
A
Inconsistency
- Measure of careless or inconsistent responding
- elevations can be related to : attentional/comprehensive problems, reading level and language fluency, confusion, scoring error
- Clinical populations tent to score slightly higher on this scale than community samples
- Similar to VRIN
4
Q
INF
A
Infrequency
- Intended to identify random responding related to confusion, carelessness, reading difficulties
- the items are not bizarre, just infrequent
- less related to psychopathology than ICN
5
Q
NIM
A
Negative Impression Management
- Faking Bad
- Low endorsement in both clinical and community populations, although clearly endorsed more frequently in clinical pops.
- Compromised of items that reflect
1. exaggerated impression of self/situation or
2. Bizarre and unlikely symptoms - Works best when trying to fake really bad, not as good for subtle exaggeration or malingering
- 2 Indicies: Malingering and Rogers Discriminant Function
6
Q
PIM
A
Positive Impression Management
- Present positive impression and deny minor flaws
- Elevations on PIM in a clinical sample are rare and noteworthy
- 2 Indicies Defensiveness Index and Cashel Discriminant Function
7
Q
SOM and Subscales
A
Somatic Complaints
- SOM-C Conversion: Focuses on rare, dramatic, unusual symptoms of sensory and motor dysfunction
- SOM-S Somatization: Frequent occurrence of various common physical problems and vauge complaints of ill health and fatigue
- SOM-H Health Concerns: Preoccupation with health status and physical problems
8
Q
ANX and Subscales
A
Anxiety
- ANX- C Cognitive: Ruminative focus on the thoughts around expected harm, worry and sustaining cognitions
- ANX-P Physiological: Physical/pain sxs
- ANX-A Affective: Tension, apprehension that accompanies anxiety
9
Q
ARD
A
Anxiety Related Disorders
- ARD- O Obsessive-Compulisve: Factor analysis suggests that Axis II more representative of this sub scale
- ARD- P Phobias: Assesses common phobias; reckless behavior may be associated with a very low score
- ARD-T: Traumatic Stress: Records responses to stressors that we would count towards PTSD
10
Q
DEP
A
Depression
- Cognitive (DEP-C): Self esteem and helplessness, high scores (<40T) could reflect grandiosity or narcissism
- Affective (DEP-A): Sadness adhedonia
- Physiological (DEP-P): vegetative sxs
11
Q
MAN
A
Mania
- Activity Level (MAN-A): behavioral and ideational
- Grandiosity (MAN-G): Inflated self esteem, expansiveness and belief on has special skills/talent. Interpretable at low end as relates to self-evalution
- Irritability (MAN-I): ambition combined wiht low frustration tolerance, volatility
12
Q
PAR
A
Paranoia
- Focus on paranoid dx and on more enduring characteristics of paranoid personality
- Hypervigilance (PAR-H): sensitive to others actions/behaviors and wary of intentions, suspicious and monitors environment for slights
- Persecution (PAR-P): persecutory thoughts/experiences/beliefs of delusions
- Resentment (PAR-R): Sense of unfairness specific to them with bitterness toward the world, interpersonal relationships; holds grudges and externalizes blame
13
Q
SCZ
A
Schizophrenia
- Focus on sx relevant to broad spectrum of schizophrenic disorders
- Psychotic Experiences (SCZ-P): positive sxs such as unusual perceptions and sensations, magical thinking, or delusional beliefs
- Social Detachment (SCZ-S): Negative sxs such as poor interpersonal rapport, discomfort and awkwardness in social situation
- Thought Disorder (SCZ-T): Confusion, concentration problems, disorganization of thought process
14
Q
BOR
A
Borderline Features
- Affective Instability (BOR-A): intended to get at suddenness of affective change, poor emo control
- Identity Problems (BOR-I): Self-Concept poorly defined and uncertainly around life
- Self-Harm (BOR-S): Impulsivity, not necessarily SI or self harm
- Negative Relationships (BOR-N): Distruct and pessimism in current/future relationships as well as beliefs of past betrayal
15
Q
ANT
A
Antisocial Features
- Antisocial behaviors (ANT-A) behaviors evidenced in adolescence or adulthood but without information related to triggers or characterological attributes underpinning behavior; conduct d/o + criminal acts
- Stimulus Seeking (ANT-S): Risk taking and desire for novelty, disinhibition; higher in younger individuals
- Egocentricity (ANT-E): Callousness towards others and lack of empathy
16
Q
ALC + DRG
A
Alcohol and Drug
- Pinpoint problems on continuum
- Past and present drug/alcohol measured
17
Q
AGG
A
Treatment Scale: Aggression
- Focuses on characteristics and attitudes related to anger, assertiveness, hostility and aggression
- Verbal Anger (AGG-V): readiness to express anger to others
- Physical Aggression (AGG-P): tendency towards physical displays of aggression, damage to property, fights, threats of violence
- Aggressive Attitude (AGG-A): Reflects willingness to use aggression in general
18
Q
SUI
A
Treatment Scale: Suicidal Ideation
- Focuses on suicidal ideation, ranging from hopelessness to thoughts and plans for suicidal act
- Cannot predict suicide fromt his scale, but if endorsing sig amounts of item have high risk
- SPI: Suicide Potential Index–> Better predictor than SUI
19
Q
STR
A
Treatment Scale: Stress
- impact of recent stressors in major life areas
- assesses current or recent stressors in fam relationships, finances, employment, and other changes
- assessment of perceptions of one’s environment
20
Q
NON
A
Treatment Scale: Nonsupport
- Assessment of perceptions of one’s environment
- Measures a lack of perceived social support, considering both level and quantity of available support
0 high scores suggest low social support
21
Q
RXR
A
Treatment Rejection
- Focuses on attributes and attitudes indicating a lack of interest an motivation in making personal changes of psychological or emotional nature
- High scores suggest a lack of willingness to change, poor psychological mindedness, poor acceptance of responsibility and other factors you want to see in a person presenting for treatment
22
Q
TPI
A
Treatment Process Index (how will treatment go)
- goes with RXR. Morey argues it’s a better indicator of a difficult treatment process
- measures hostility, poor motivation, low psychological mindedness, limited social supports and ego syntonic defense style
- correlates highly with character pathology
23
Q
DOM
A
Dominant vs. Submissive
- assess the extent to which a person is controlling and independent in personal relationships
24
Q
WRM
A
Warm vs. Cold
- Asses the extent to which a person is interested in supportive and empathetic personal relationships. Reflects bipolar dimension, with warm, outgoing style at high end and cold rejecting style and low end
