Pages 10-11 of Medicine A5 ooklet (John Arderne and the role of the church on medical progress)

Question 1

When was John Arderne born?

Answer 1

1307

Question 2

Where did he train?

Answer 2

In London

Question 3

What did John Arderne have a high success rate at doing?

Answer 3

He had a 50% success rate at removing growths from a patients anus, which was very high for the 14th century.

Question 4

Who did John Arderne work for?

Answer 4

The Duke of Gaunt in the 100 Years War.

Question 5

What did the 100 Years War help John Arderne deal with?

Answer 5

The battlefields helped him deal with major wounds.

Question 6

What did John Arderne develop on the battlefields?

Answer 6

He developed his painkilling ointments of hemplock,opium and henbane, helping to stop the need for cauterising wounds which lead to frequent deaths.

Question 7

What was John Arderne also very good at?

Answer 7

Amputations

Question 8

What book did John Arderne write?

Answer 8

His most famous book was “The Practise of Surgery” written in 1350.

Question 9

What did John Arderne say in his book?

Answer 9

He said that doctors should:

1. Have a good bedside manner.
2. Talk to patients calmly
3. Trust their own judgement and not rely on old texts of Galen and Hippocrates.

Question 10

What did John Arderne do so that he could treat the poor?

Answer 10

He treated the rich for as much as possible so that he could treat the poor for free.

Question 11

What did Galen believe about pus?

Answer 11

Galen thought that a lot of pus would help healing, this lead to even more deaths due to infection.

Question 12

What did others think about pus?

Answer 12

others attempted to clean wounds with vinegar, wine or honey. These ideas came from contact with Islamic surgeons, however a lack of understanding about the real causes of infection meant that this was also rarely successful and infection was the most common cause of surgical death.

Question 13

What did Theodoric of Lucca write in the 13th century?

Answer 13

Theodoric wrote “Every day we see new instruments and new methods (to extract arrows) being invented by clever and ingenious surgeons”.

Question 14

Who was Theodoric of Lucca?

Answer 14

He was a bishop in Bologna, Italy where he wrote surgical books.

Question 15

What book did Theodoric write?

Answer 15

Cyrurgia.

Question 16

What did Theodoric write in Cyrurgia?

Answer 16

He challenged Galen’s ideas and encouraged a more antisceptic approach, with the wound cleaned and bandages pre-soaked in wine as a disinfectant.

Question 17

What did Theodoric also promote in his the book ‘Cyrurgia’?

Answer 17

`The use of anaesthetics in surgery. A sponge soaked in a dissolved solution of opium, mandrake, hemlock, mulberry juice, ivy and other substances was held beneath the patients nose to induce consciousness.

Question 18

Why did the church important to the development of medicine?

Answer 18

The church was cental to people’s lives so its attitudes to medicine was very important to developments

Question 19

What did the church encourage people to do?

Answer 19

Encouraged people to prayer for deliverance from illness, for forgiveness of sins and to prepare for the after-life.

Question 20

What are indulgences?

Answer 20

Special prayers.

Question 21

What could people also do?

Answer 21

Go on a pilgrimage.

Question 22

What did people leave at shrines on their pilgrimages?

Answer 22

A miniature copy of their infected body part at the shrine and hope that prayer and belief would cure them.

Question 23

Where was the most famous pilgrimage?

Answer 23

The Holy Land

Question 24

Where were famous pilgrimages in England?

Answer 24

Canterbury, Walsingham, Glastonbury, or the Priory at Bridlington where St John of Bridlington’s grave was a source of miracles.

Question 25

Who visited the priory at Bridlington?

Answer 25

Henry V visited there after winning at Agincourt.

Question 26

Who was the priory at Bridlington special to?

Answer 26

Women in labour and sailors.

Question 27

What was the christian duty?

Answer 27

To look after the poor and sick.

Question 28

What did the church play a large part in?

Answer 28

Developing hospitals.

Question 29

How many hospitals were set up in the 12th and 13th centuries?

Answer 29

160

Question 30

What was the problem with the 160 churches set up?

Answer 30

Many of these were very small and refused to take in the very sick, or women.

Question 31

What else did the church set up in Europe?

Answer 31

University schools of medicine where physicians were trained, using the texts of Galen and Hippocrates.

Question 32

What did monks do to medical texts?

Answer 32

Monks often copied these texts which survived throughout the centuries. They also translated Islamic texts.

Question 33

What did the church make it difficult for scholars to do?

Answer 33

Dissect human bodies, however some did take place.

Question 34

What did the church insist on using?

Answer 34

Galen’s work on dissection that involved animals, which limited progress in understanding the human body.

Question 35

What happened to scientists who tried to challenge Galen’s work?

Answer 35

They were often arrested.

Question 36

Who was arrested?

Answer 36

Roger Bacon, a lecturer at Oxford University, who questioned the church’s stance on Galen.

Question 37

What did warfare lead to?

Answer 37

Advances in surgery and treatment of wounds.

Question 38

What was cauterisation partly replaced by?

Answer 38

By wine as an antiseptic to clean wounds and John Arderne’s pain relieving ointment.

Question 39

What was used as a painkiller?

Answer 39

Opium

Question 40

What was the disadvantage of using these painkillers?

Answer 40

Sometimes they were too strong and killed the patient.

Question 41

What were army surgeons very quick at?

Answer 41

Amputations with a saw and knife, at a time without effective anaesthetic.

Question 42

What tools were used for removing arrows?

Answer 42

Arrow cup with less damage than other tools.

Question 43

What diagram was produced to help other surgeons?

Answer 43

Wound man

Question 44

Who encouraged scientific enquiry and experiment?

Answer 44

Robert Grosseteste from Oxford University and later, the Bishop of Lincoln.

Question 45

What did Robert Grosseteste’s work lead to?

Answer 45

The development of spectacles.