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3a Paediatrics > Paeds Resp (ILA 3) > Flashcards

Paeds Resp (ILA 3) Flashcards

1
Q

List the symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection?

A 
coryza
sore throat 
ear ache
sinusitis
stridor
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2
Q

List the symptoms of a lower respiratory tract infection?

A

wheeze
cough
use of accessory muscles
respiratory distress

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3
Q

What are the signs of respiratory distress?

A 
nasal flaring 
head bobbing 
use of accessory muscles
subcostal and intercostal recession 
tachypnoea
tachycardia 
tracheal tug 
grunting 
poor feeding
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4
Q

Which signs are indicative of severe respiratory distress?

A

cyanosis
reduced conscious level
oxygen sats <92%
tiring / exhaustion

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5
Q

Define wheezing

A

wheezing or whistling sound made on expiration through narrow area that is polyphonic, severely affecting the wellbeing of the child

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6
Q

What are the differentials for wheezing?

A
  1. persistent infantile wheezing = in response to triggers e.g. cold air, dust, exercise, smoking
  2. viral episodic wheeze= in response to viral infections
  3. asthma
  4. CF, ciliary dyskinesia
  5. immune deficiency
  6. gastric reflux
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7
Q

What causes viral induced wheeze and what symptoms would you expect?

A

viral upper resp tract infection (usually RSV) triggering wheeze, coryza, cough and increased work of breathing

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8
Q

How is viral induced wheeze managed?

A

oxygen

salbutamol inhaler with spacer - Aim for 4 hours between needing inhaler

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9
Q

What does stridor sound like and how is this caused?

A

harsh, musical sound on inspiration due to partial obstruction from laryngeal oedema and secretions of the lower portion of the upper airway

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10
Q

What are the possible causes of stridor in a child?

A
  1. croup
  2. acute epiglottitis
  3. anaphylaxis
  4. inhaled foreign object
  5. laryngomalacia (congenital abnormality in larynx)
  6. trauma to the throat
  7. bacterial tracheitis
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11
Q

Which infections does URTI include?

A 
common cold
sinusitis
otitis media
pharyngitis 
tonsillitis
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12
Q

What are the most common causative pathogens of the common cold?

A

rhinovirus
respiratory syncytial virus
coronavirus

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13
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

infection of the upper paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of pharyngitis?

A

adenovirus
enterovirus
rhinovirus
group A strep

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15
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of tonsillitis?

A

group A strep

Epstein barr virus

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16
Q

Describe pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx and soft palate

local lymph nodes are enlarged and tender

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17
Q

Describe tonsillitis

A

intense inflammation of the tonsils (form of pharyngitis)

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18
Q

How is pharyngitis/ tonsillitis managed?

A

penicillin or erythromycin for 10 days

antibiotics prescribed although only 1/3 of cases are bacterial

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19
Q

Which antibiotic should you avoid in tonsillitis?

A

avoid amoxicillin as can cause widespread maculopapular rash if tonsillitis due to infectious mononucleosis

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20
Q

Why are children more prone to acute otitis media?

A

childrens eustachian tubes are short, horizontal and function poorly so more prone to infection

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21
Q

Which pathogens are responsible for otitis media?

A

VIRAL -> RSV, rhinovirus

BACTERIAL -> pneumococcus, H. influenza, mortadella catarhalis

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22
Q

How does otitis media present?

A

pain in ear
fever
lasts for 4 days

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23
Q

When examining the tympanic membranes of a child with acute otitis media, what do you expect to see?

A

bright red
bulging
loss of normal light reflection

if acute perforation of the ear drum, pus is visible in the external canal

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24
Q

If a child is ill for longer than 3/4 days with acute otitis media or <2 y/o and bilateral, what should be prescribed?

A

amoxicillin for 5 days

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25
Q

Who is affected by croup?

A

commonly between 6 months - 6 y/o with peak incidence at 2 y/o

most commonly occurs in autumn

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26
Q

What is croup?

A

croup is an upper airway obstruction

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27
Q

What is the most common causative pathogen of croup?

A

** parainfluenza virus **

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28
Q

How does a child with croup present?

A
  1. harsh stridor
  2. barking (like a sea lion) cough
  3. coryza
  4. fever
  5. hoarseness
  6. poor feeding

symptoms worse at night

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29
Q

When should you admit a child with croup?

A 
if moderate/ severe 
<6 months old
signs of respiratory distress 
uncertain about diagnosis 
known airway abnormalities
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30
Q

What is the first line therapy for croup?

A

ORAL DEXAMETHASONE 0.15mg/kg

alternatives are oral prednisolone or nebulised budesonide

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31
Q

How should severe croup/ upper airway obstruction be managed?

A

nebulized adrenaline

high flow oxygen face mask

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32
Q

What is the most common causative organism of acute epiglotittis?

A

Haemophilus influenza type B

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33
Q

Why has the incidence of acute epiglotittis decreased?

A

there is now a H. influenza type B vaccination for infants

caused a 90% reduction in incidence

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34
Q

What is acute epiglotittis?

A

an upper airway obstruction caused by intense swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues

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35
Q

How does acute epiglottis present?

A
  1. fever/ septic looking child
  2. child cannot speak/ swallow -> saliva drools
  3. painful sore throat
  4. child sitting with mouth open to optimise airways
  5. soft inspiratory stridor
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36
Q

What should you not do if suspect acute epiglotittis in a child?

A

do NOT examine the throat with a spatula as can cause airway obstruction and death

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37
Q

How is acute epiglotittis managed?

A

MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!

  1. admit to ICU
  2. contant anaesthetist to intubate - urgent tracheostomy
  3. IV antibiotics of cefuroxime for 3-5 days
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38
Q

Which age group is most susceptible for bronchiolitis?

A

1-9 months old (90% case)

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39
Q

What is the most common respiratory tract infection in children?

A

bronchiolitis

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40
Q

Which pathogens are responsible for bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)*** = 80%

+ parainfluenza virus , rhinovirus, human metapneumono virus

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41
Q

Who are at risk of bronchiolitis?

A

premature infants
cystic fibrosis
congenital heart disease

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42
Q

what is bronchiolitis?

A

acute bronchiolar inflammation

43
Q

How does bronchiolitis present?

A 
coryza* 
increased breathlessness
dry, wheezy cough
poor feeding 
SOB
44
Q

Which signs are you looking for with a child suspected of bronchiolitis?

A 
SIGNS OF RESP DISTRESS
tachypnoea
tachycardia 
subcostal and intercostal recession
hyperinflation of chest 
fine end inspiratory crackles
high pitched, expiratory wheeze
45
Q

how is bronchiolitis diagnosed?

A

PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal secretions but normally clinical diagnosis

46
Q

How is bronchiolitis managed?

A

supportive
humidified oxygen via nasal canulae
fluids/ NG tube if not feeding

47
Q

When should you admit a child to hospital/ make immediate referral with bronchiolitis?

A 
apnoea
child looks seriously unwell
severe respiratory distress
central cyanosis 
persistent oxygen sats <92%
dehydration
48
Q

What can be used to prevent RSV infections?

A

Palivuzumab = monoclonal antibody

IM injection once a month through autumn and winter for children at high risk e.g. CF, immunocompromised, congenital heart defects, Downs syndrome

49
Q

What are the most common causative organisms responsible for pneumonia?

A
  1. no causative organism identified (50%)
  2. Bacterial (more common in older children) - Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenza type B
  3. Viral (more common in younger children) - RSV*, influenza A and B
  4. Other - mycoplasma pneumonia, pseudomonas, E.coli
50
Q

Outline the WHO criteria to consider pneumonia?

A

cough
difficulty breathing <14 days
increased respiratory rate (>11 months old = >40 RR)

51
Q

How does pneumonia present (symptoms and signs)?

A

symptoms - cough, fever, SOB, increased respiratory rate, lethargy, poor feeding, unwell child

signs- tachypnoea, tachycardia, pyrexia, use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, end inspiratory coarse crackles, decrease oxygen sats, subcostal/ intercostal recession

52
Q

What are the possible complications with pneumonia?

A

small effusions - resolve with antibiotics

Empyema - persistent fever after 48 hrs of antibiotics - pleural collection needs draining

53
Q

How is pneumonia investigated?

A

Chest X-ray

- dense/ fluffy opacity occupying a portion/whole lobe of a lung

54
Q

If on a chest x-ray, there is blunting of a costophrenic angle, what might be suspected?

A

pleural effusion with pneumonia

55
Q

How is pneumonia managed as an inpatient or outpatient?

A
  1. supportive care - oxygen, analgesia, fluids
  2. Antibiotics -
    inpatient 1st line (HAP) = amoxicillin
    outpatient 1st line (CAP) = benzylpenicillin
56
Q

Which antibiotic should be given if it is resistant pneumonia or associated with influenza?

A

co-amoxiclav or add macrolide e.g. erythromycin

57
Q

When should you admit a child to hospital with pneumonia?

A

oxygen sats <92%
recurrent apnoea
inadequate feeding and dehydrated
red flags on traffic light score - RR >60, grunting, severe chest indrawing, 3 months old and temp >38

58
Q

What is atopic asthma associated with?

A 
eczema 
allergies
hay fever
family history 
rhino-conjunctivitis
59
Q

Describe the pathology of asthma

A

chronic inflammation of the lower airways secondary to hypersensitivity

reversible airway obstruction

Characterised by:

  1. bronchospasm / hyper responsiveness
  2. bronchial inflammation and swelling
  3. airway narrowing and formation of mucus plug
60
Q

Which cells are seen in the inflammation of asthma?

A

mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils
lymphocytes

61
Q

What are the common symptoms and signs of asthma?

A

recurrent wheeze
dyspnoea
sputum production
cough

diurnal variation - worse at night and early morning - poor sleep

62
Q

List some of the environmental triggers of asthma

A 
cold
exercise
house dust mites
pets
grass pollens
URTI
emotional upset/ anxiety 
chemical irritants
63
Q

how is asthma investigated and diagnosed?

A

SPIROMETRY/ PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW

  1. diurnal variability of peak flow
  2. FEV1 improves by 12% after inhaling bronchodilator
  3. FEV:FVC <70% = obstructive pattern
  4. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide >35ppb
64
Q

What is included in the assessment of a child with asthma?

A
  1. growth and nutrition
  2. peak flow/ spirometry - peak flow diary
  3. allergic disorders/ triggers identified
  4. monitor - severity and frequency, exercise tolerance, sleep disturbance, inhaler technique
65
Q

How should a child with an acute asthma attack be assessed?

A
  1. determine severity of attack
  2. assess increased work of breathing - chest RR, chest recession, auscultation
  3. assess cardiovascular system - tachycardia , arrythmias or hypertension?
  4. consciousness level - impaired, confusion, agitation, exhaustion (life threatening)
  5. peak flow measured - 33-50% = severe, <33% = life threatening
  6. oxygen saturation- <92% = severe
  7. is there a trigger for the attack?
66
Q

List the causes of acute breathlessness in a child?

A 
asthma
acute epiglotittis
inhaled foreign object 
anaphylaxis 
pneumonia 
pneumothorax 
severe anaemia 
panic attacks 
heart failure
67
Q

How is an acute asthma attack classified in a child under 5 y/o?

A

MODERATE - sats >92%, no clinical symptoms

SEVERE - sats <92%, HR >140, RR >40
use of accessory muscles

LIFE THREATENING - sats<92%, silent chest, poor respiratory effort, altered consciousness, cyanosis

68
Q

How is an acute asthma attack classified in a child over 5 y/o?

A

MODERATE - sats >92%, no clinical symptoms

SEVERE- sats <92%, HR > 125, RR >30, use of accessory muscles, PEF <50%

LIFE THREATENING - sats <92%, PEF <33%, silent chest, poor respiratory effort, altered consciousness

69
Q

How is an acute severe asthma attack managed?

A
  1. ABCDE
  2. oxygen
  3. nebulized beta agonist
  4. IV hydrocortisone
  5. IV salbutamol
  6. If child still no better, call ICU and magnesium sulphate
70
Q

What should you monitor with IV salbutamol?

A

need cardiac monitoring (can cause T wave depression, U wave elevation, VF, tachycardia) and assess for signs of hypokalaemia

71
Q

What are the treatment steps for a child between 5-16 y/o with asthma?

A
  1. SABA e.g. salbutamol - used when worsened symptoms, 2 puffs last 4 hours
    • inhaled corticosteroid
    • leukotriene receptor antagonist e.g. montelukast
  4. SABA + ICS + LABA
  5. SABA + switch LABA or ICS for maintenance/ reliever therapy
72
Q

What are the treatment steps for a child under 5 y/o with asthma?

A
  1. SABA
  2. 8 week trial of inhaled corticosteroid
  3. if relapse with symptoms/ not controlled.. SABA + ICS + leukotriene receptor antagonist
73
Q

What is used as a “preventative” treatment in asthma?

A

inhaled corticosteroids
e.g. beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone

inhaled cromones
e.g. sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium

74
Q

What is used as “relievers” in asthma treatment?

A
  1. short acting beta agonists (SABA)
    e. g. salbutamol, terbutaline
  2. ipratropium bromide
75
Q

List the add on therapies (preventors if child not responding to treatment) for asthma?

A
  1. Long acting beta 2 agonists e.g. salmeterol, formoterol
  2. leukotriene receptor antagonists e.g. montelukast
  3. theophylline
  4. omalizumab
76
Q

How do inhaled corticosteroids work?

A

decrease airway inflammation so decrease bronchial hyperactivity

77
Q

What are the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

impaired growth
adrenal suppression
altered bone metabolism

78
Q

How do you access how well controlled a child is at the asthma?

A
  1. symptoms on walking or during the night?
  2. how often do you get symptoms in the day?
  3. exercise tolerance?
  4. how often do you use inhaler?
  5. recent hosp admissions?
  6. recent use of oral steroids?
79
Q

List the reasons for children not responding to treatment?

A 
ABCDE
A- adherence / compliance
B- bad disease
C- choice of drug/ device
D- diagnosis 
E- environment
80
Q

List some of the British Thoracic Society guidelines for asthma?

A

avoid precipitating factors
check inhaler technique
attempt step down

81
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

defective Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) on chromosome 7

CFTR is a cAMP dependent chloride channel lining ducts in the body

mutation causes increased viscosity of secretions and blockages of narrow passageways

82
Q

Describe the pathology of cystic fibrosis?

A

in the airways…
abnormal ion transport across epithelial cells, impaired ciliary function, inflammation, thick sticky mucus in airways

in the intestine…
thick vicid meconium is produced

pancreatic ducts…
become blocked by thick secretions

abnormal function of sweat glands…
excessive concentrations of sodium and chloride in sweat

83
Q

What are the complications of cystic fibrosis in infancy/newborn?

A
  1. meconium ileus - causes intestinal obstruction
  2. prolonged neonatal jaundice
  3. faltering growth - malabsorption, steattohorea
  4. recurrent chest infections e.g S.aureus. H. influenza
84
Q

What are the complications of cystic fibrosis in young children?

A
  1. recurrent chest infections - with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , staph aureus, h. influenza (if burkholderia cepacia - need to put in isolation)
  2. bronchiectasis - sputum production, recurrent cough
  3. sinusitis
  4. nasal polyp
  5. rectal prolapse
85
Q

List the signs expected in a child with cystic fibrosis?

A 
wet cough 
production of purulent sputum 
hyperinflation of chest 
coarse inspiratory crepitations
expiratory wheeze
finger clubbing
86
Q

How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

A
  1. gene abnormality in CFTR protein - diagnostic
  2. sweat test - conc. of chloride in sweat increased (60-125mmol/L)
  3. low faecal elastase
87
Q

How can CF be detected in newborns?

A

biochemical screening in newborns

use the Guthrie heel prick blood test - immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) raised

88
Q

How are cystic fibrosis respiratory symptoms managed?

A
  1. treat recurrent bacterial infections
  2. continuous prophylactic oral antibiotics e.g. flucloxacillin or azithromycin
  3. daily physiotherapy - chest percussion, postural drainage, deep breathing exercises
89
Q

How is nutrition managed in cystic fibrosis?

A
  1. oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
  2. high calorie, high fat diet
  3. fat soluble vitamin supplements
90
Q

How is CF treated at end stage?

A

bilateral sequential lung transplant

91
Q

Define a persistent cough?

A

cough that lasts more than 8 weeks or has not improved after 3-4 weeks in the absence of recurrent URTI

92
Q

What is the difference between wheeze and stridor?

A

wheeze = polyphonic, expiratory, in LRT

stridor = monophonic, inspiratory, in URT

93
Q

What is the most likely causative pathogen of whooping cough?

A

bordatella pertussis (gram -ve)

highly contagious and infectious
epidemic every 3-4 years

94
Q

How does whooping cough present?

A

2-3 days of coryza in an unvaccinated child and then inspiratory “whoop” cough for >14 days

spasms of cough: worse at night, causes vomiting, cyanosis, epistaxis

95
Q

How long does whooping cough last for?

A

paroxysmal phase for 3-6 weeks

can persist for months “100 day cough”

96
Q

How is whooping cough diagnosed?

A

nasal swab culture/ PCR

FBC - marked lymphocytosis

97
Q

How is whooping cough treated?

A
  1. azithromycin for 5 days
  2. school exclusion for 48 hours after starting abx- intubation for 10-14 days
  3. household contacts offered prophylaxis abx
  4. notify public health as notifiable disease
98
Q

List the complications of CF in an older child

A 
diabetes mellitus
delayed puberty 
cirrhosis and portal hypertension
infertile in males
pneumothorax
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
99
Q

how is bacterial tracheitis caused?

A

staph aureus

100
Q

how does bacterial tracheitis present?

A

RARE BUT DANGEROUS
high fever
resp distress
purulent secretions

—–> progresses to airway obstruction

101
Q

how is bacterial tracheitis managed?

A

blood culture
secure airway
IV abx

102
Q

what Is given to close contacts for acute epiglottis?

A

rifampicin

103
Q

when are children vaccinated against whooping cough?

A

at 2,3,4 months and 3-5 years old

104
Q

how is mild- moderate asthma attack managed?

A
  1. give a beta-2 agonist via a spacer (for a child < 3 years use a close-fitting mask) -> give 1 puff every 30-60 seconds up to a maximum of 10 puffs -> if symptoms are not controlled repeat beta-2 agonist and refer to hospital
  2. steroids 3-5 days

3a Paediatrics (9 decks)

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