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Paediatrics > Paeds GI > Flashcards

Paeds GI Flashcards

1
Q

No meconium in 48hrs. Red flag for what?

A

Hirschprungs

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2
Q

Name an osmotic laxative

A

lactulose

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3
Q

Name two stimulant laxatives

A

sodium picosulphate, Senna

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4
Q

Name two stool softeners

A

Movicol

Klean Prep

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5
Q

When a child has overflow soiling or faecal mass palpable in abdo, it is likely there is faecal impaction. What is a disimpaction regime?

A

escalating dose of Movicol over 1-2wks

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6
Q

What does Movicol contain?

A

macrogol + electrolytes. It’s a stool softener

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7
Q

Disampaction regime has been successful! The child no longer has faecal impaction. What’s next?

A

Maintenance therapy.

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8
Q

After 2 weeks of increasing doses of Movicol, the child is still faecally impacted. What is the next step ?

A

If Movicol not disimpacted after 2wks, add a stimulant laxative (Senna / sodium picosulphate).

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9
Q

What should you warn families that might happen in the disimpaction regime?

A

It may initially increase overflow soiling …. and abdo pain

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10
Q

A child who has faecal impaction might leak poo constantly with no feeling. If they are disampacted, they will have the feeling that they need to go. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Child with faecal impaction is undergoing disimpaction regime. However, Movicol is not tolerated. What could you substitute?

A

A stimulant laxative (e.g. Senna / sodium picosulphate)

Could also add an osmotic laxative (e.g. lactulose)

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12
Q

Right so the child isn’t impacted and now needs maintenance therapy. What does this involve?

A

ongoing Movicol, adjusting dose to achieve for a type 4/5 poo every day

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13
Q

On disimpaction regime, want to increase the dose until they are having runny type 7s . Then decrease gradualy down to maintenance therapy. On maintenance what kind of poos are we aiming for?

A

type 4/5 daily

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14
Q

Osmotic laxatives like lactulose are used very frequently in children with constipation. True or false?

A

False. Movicol and stimulant laxatives always used first.

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15
Q

How long do children need maintenance therapy for? (constipation)

A

maybe months.
Continue for several wks after regular bowel habit established.
Then reduce the dose over a period of months (don’t stop abruptly)

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16
Q

Do you keep on giving the Movicol when the child has gastroenteritis?

A

No. Stop it and resume when they are well again.

But if they are just having runny poos this isnt diarrhoea, its just too much Movicol. Dont discontinue just reduce the dose.

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17
Q

If a child has constipation with red flags, do not treat them yet: send to specialist. What are some of the red flags?

A
  • no meconium in 48hrs
  • faltering growth
  • gross abdo distension
  • lower limb deformity (e.g. talipes)
  • neuro signs (urinary incontinence, abnormal reflexes)
  • signs of spina bifida
  • abnormal anorectal anatomy
  • perianal fistulae / fissures / abscesses
  • perianal bruising (abuse)
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18
Q

How common is idiopathic constipation?

A

very common!

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19
Q

When is the only time you’d do a digital rectal examination for a constipated child?

A

if they have red flags, you suspect Hirschsprung, ONLY to be done by a professional competent to interpret the features of Hirschsprungs on DRE

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20
Q

Would you routinely do an AXR to investigate child’s constipation?

A

NO. Only if obstructed / requested by specialist.

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21
Q

Which blood screens might you do in a child with constipation?

A

coeliac, TFTs

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22
Q

Most constipation in kids is IDIOPATHIC. Name a few rare PRIMARY causes.

A 
hypothyroidism
coeliac
Hirschsprungs
lower spinal cord problems
anorectal abnormalities
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23
Q

How does overflow soiling work?

A

chronic constipation –> rectum becomes overdistended –> no longer feel need to defecate –> contractions of full rectum overcome internal sphincter –> overflow

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24
Q

What general advice can you give the parents of child with constipation?

A

balanced diet. sufficient fluids.
non-punitive behavioural interventions - scheduled toileting, rewards (e.g. encourage to sit on toilet after mealtimes, star charts)

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25
Q

What is the difference between suppository and enema?

A

enema is liquid up rectum

suppository is solid medication up rectum

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26
Q

When would you give an enema to child with constipation?

A

only when all oral meds have failed

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27
Q

When would you do manual evacuation under anaesthetic in a constipated child?

A

only when all oral and rectal medications have failed

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28
Q

When all oral and rectal medications have failed in child with constipation, what would you consider?

A

Manual evacuation under anaesthetic

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29
Q

When a child is having overflow soiling, what is it important that the parents know?

A

soiling is INVOLUNTARY. Don’t punish and don’t reward for clean pants.

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30
Q

What is the aetiology of Hirschsprungs?

A

no ganglion cells in myenteric plexus of rectum and colon (spreads variably far up)

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31
Q

What are the findings on DRE in Hirschsprungs?

A

narrow rectum

stool/flatus GUSH when remove finger

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32
Q

Hirschsprung is usually diagnosed straightaway, when there is no meconium in 48hrs after birth. How can it present later on?

a) few wk old neonate
b) child

A

a) few wks old - Hirschsprung entercolitis

b) child - chronic constipation, abdo distension, green bilious vomiting, growth failure

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33
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for Hirschsprung???

A

RECTAL BIOPSY
(the myenteric plexus wouldnt have ganglion cells)

before this, do AXR and maybe contrast enema to find transition zone

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34
Q

The management of Hirschsprung disease if surgical. What are the two steps?

A
  1. Colostomy

2. Then ‘pull through procedure’ - cut out dodgy bowel and attach normal bowel to anus.

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35
Q

What is the classical triad of symptoms in Hirschsprung?

A

failure to pass meconium
abdominal distenstion
bilious green vomiting

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36
Q

Most cases of Hirschsprung’s cases are genetically sporadic (though some complex inheritance). Which sex do they affect most?

A

males (4:1)

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37
Q

What infective agent commonly causes gastroenteritis in children <2yrs in wintertime? (there is a vaccine for it)

A

rotavirus

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38
Q

As well as rotavirus, which other viruses cause gastroenteritis in children?

A

adenovirus

norovirus

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39
Q

Viral gastroenteritis is more common than bacterial gastroenteritis in children. True or false?

A

true!

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40
Q

Bacterial gastroenteritis is less common than viral in kids. But which bacteria tend be the ones?

A

campylobacter (painful)
shigella
cholera, E.Coli

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41
Q

Which protozoa can cause gastroenteritis in children?

A

giardia

cryptosporidium

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42
Q

A child with rapid onset loose watery stools with vomiting. Blood and pus in stools. Is this most likely to be bacterial or viral gastroenteritis?

A

blood in stools is sign of bacterial (though viral most common)

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43
Q

Gastroenteritis in children. In which scenarios would you take stool sample for miscroscopy, culture and sensitivities?

A

if blood / pus in stool
if foreign travel
if immuno-compromised
if diagnosis uncertain

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44
Q

Which bacterium causes dysentery?

A

shigella

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45
Q

Food poisoning and dysentery are notifiable diseases. True or false?

A

True!

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46
Q

Name some differential diagnoses for gastroenteritis (D+V) in children….

A 
constipation with overflow
coeliac
cow's milk protein allergy
acute appendicitis
DKA
UTI 
other inf - sepsis, meningitis, resp, otitis, hepatitis
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47
Q

Which children are particularly at risk from getting dehydrated in gastroenteritis?

A

infants - particularly LBW

malnourished.

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48
Q

If a child with gastroenteritis has had >6 stools or >3 vomits in the past 24hrs, and hasn’t tolerated any fluids, what are they at risk of?

A

DEHYDRATION

49
Q

A child with gastroenteritis has lost <5% of her pre-morbid body weight. Is she clinically dehydrated?

A

no

<5% loss = no clinical dehydration

50
Q

A child with gastroenteritis has lost 7% of her pre-morbid body weight. Is she clinically dehydrated?

A

yes

5-10% loss = clinical dehydration

51
Q

A child with gastroenteritis has >10% of her pre-morbid body weight. Is she clinically dehydrated?

A

> 10% loss = SHOCK!

52
Q

Why is hypernatraemia in dehydration particularly dangerous?

A

high salt –> water drains out of brain –> cerebral shrinkage –> neuro signs

53
Q

Give me all the signs of a dehydrated child.

A

decreased consciousness
decreased urine output

mottled skin
cold extremities
sunken eyes
dry mucus membranes
decreased skin turgor
cap refill >2 secs
weak peripheral pulses
tachycardia
tachypnoea
hypotension if rlly bad
54
Q

What often happens to heart rate and respiratory rate in dehydrated child?

A

tachycardia

tachypnoea

55
Q

A child has severe dehydration from gastroenteritis. You feel her hands and feet - how do they feel?

A

cold

56
Q

Why are infants particularly susceptible to dehydration?

A

large surface area to volume ratio so more insensible losses

cant ask for water

57
Q

What bloods would you do for child with gastroenteritis?

A

U+Es (sodium)
creatinine
glucose

58
Q

Management of gastroenteritis in children depends on level of dehydration. If there is no clinical dehydration, what is the course of action?

A

prevent dehydration - encourage fluid intake, with ORS if need be.

59
Q

A child has gastroenteritis with clinical dehydration. What is the treatment?

A

oral rehydration solution (maybe via NG).
+ maintenance fluids
+ replace deficit (extra 50ml/kg)

60
Q

A child with gastroenteritis is in shock from dehydration. What is the treatment?

A

IV BOLUS
20mls/kg stat 0.9% saline

then maintenance fluid + replace deficit (extra 100ml/kg for shock)

61
Q

Which bloods do you monitor when treating a child for dehydration ?

A

U+E (plasma sodium)
creatinine
glucose

62
Q

Do you use anti-emetics and anti-diarrhoeals to treat gastroenteritis in children?

A

no!

ineffective, SEs, cost

63
Q

When would you use antibiotics to treat gastroenteritis in kids?

A

if specific bac eg cholera
if confirmed sepsis
if immunocompromised

64
Q

What do you supplement kids with after a bout of gastroenteritis?

A

zinc! an underrated healer

65
Q

What is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance?

A

allergy = pathological IMMUNE response against a specific food PROTEIN

intolerance = non-immunological hypersensitivity reaction

66
Q

What causes food allergy

A

pathological immune response against a specific food protein

67
Q

What causes food intolerance

A

non-immunological HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction

68
Q

Name three common food allergies in infants.

A

milk, egg, peanut

69
Q

Name two common food allergies in older children.

A

peanut, shellfish

70
Q

Some food allergies cause an immediate reaction <2hrs after ingestion - such as urticaria, itch, or facial swelling. What are these called?

A

IgE mediated

71
Q

What are the features of Non-IgE mediated food allergies?

A

diarrhoea, vomiting, abdo pain, faltering growth

72
Q

Skin prick - drop of allergen on skin, pricked with needle, weal measured. >4mm is positive. If the skin prick is positive, what type of food allergy is it likely to be?

A

IgE mediated

73
Q

Non-IgE mediated food allergies are harder to diagnose. Skin prick is likely to be negative. What can you do next?

A

Try eliminating the food e.g. cows milk. Trial return.

Endoscopy+ biopsy might show eosinophilic infiltrates.

74
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for both IgE and non-IgE mediated food allergy?

A

double-blind placebo-controlled FOOD CHALLENGE with resusc available!

75
Q

What are three ways to manage food allergies?

A
  1. avoid said food!
  2. dietician
  3. management plans for attacks
76
Q

What are examples of management plans for attacks for food allergy - a) mild, b) severe

A

a) antihistamine

b) EpiPen (IM adrenaline)

77
Q

What is short bowel syndrome?

A

after large surgical resection of bowel

causes malabsorption, diarrhoea and malnutrition

78
Q

Name some causes of malabsorption in children?

A

coeliac, IBD
CF, biliary atresia
short bowel syndrome

79
Q

a 2yr old has chronic diarrhoea of varying consistency, with undigested veg in it. Otherwise he is well and thriving. What is the likely diagnosis and prognosis?

A

Toddler’s diarrhoea

improves with age

80
Q

Which boys does pyloric stenosis specially affect?

A

FIRST BORN BOYS with FHx = pyloric stenosis!

81
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pyloric stenosis?

A

hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle –> gastric outlet obstruction

82
Q

Which age group does pyloric stenosis affect?

A

2 - 8 wks

83
Q

Why can pyloric stenosis cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

losing HCl from stomach

84
Q

Why can pyloric stenosis cause low sodium and low potassium?

A

losing stomach contents

85
Q

When does the projectile vomiting occur in pyloric stenosis?

A

straight after feeding! ouch

86
Q

As well as projectile vomiting, what are three other symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

A

hunger
dehydration
weight loss

87
Q

What would an ABG show in pyloric stenosis?

A

metabolic alkalosis (hypochloraemic)

88
Q

What are three investigations for pyloric stenosis?

A

Test Feed
Ultrasound
ABG

89
Q

What happens in a “test feed” for pyloric stenosis?

A

give dioralyte, see visible peristaltic wave. + palpable pylorus

90
Q

What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis (three stages)?

A

stop feeding.
IV fluids and correct electrolytes.
“pyloromyotomy”

91
Q

What is the surgery used to treat pyloric stenosis?

A

Ramstedt’s pyloromyotomy

92
Q

An infant has paroxysmal inconsolable crying, drawing up knees to pass flatus. What is this likely to be?

A

infant colic

93
Q

How long does infant colic usually take to resolve?

A

12 months. Reassurance.

*if it persists, think about CMPA or GORD

94
Q

What is posseting?

A

When babies regurgitate a small amount of milk and air shortly after feeding

Proper regurgitating is larger and more freq

Whereas vomiting is forceful ejection of gastric contents.

95
Q

Red flags for the vomiting child are either about the character of the vomiting, or about what other symptoms the vomiting goes along with. Give me three red flags about the character of the vomiting.

A
  1. green bilious vomit
  2. haematemesis
  3. projectile
96
Q

RedFlagVomiting: If the vomit is green bilious, it’s obstruction. Where is the obstruction?

A

below the sphincter of Oddi

97
Q

Red flags for the vomiting child include green bilious vomit, haematemesis, and projectile vomiting. Certain symptoms IN ADDITION to vomiting can also be red flags. Name some of these :)

A 
Vomiting, plus
\+ abdo pain/distension
\+ hepatosplenomegaly
\+ blood in stool
\+ seizures / bulging fontanelle
\+ faltering growth
\+ dehydration / shock
98
Q

RedFlagVomiting: If a child has vomiting plus dehydration/shock, what two important things should you think of?

A

infection (gastroenteritis or systemic)

DKA

99
Q

RedFlagVomiting: If a child has vomiting plus blood in the stool, what should you think of?

A

bacterial gastroenteritis

intussusception

100
Q

RedFlagVomiting: If a child has vomiting plus seizures / bulging fontanelle, what should you think of?

A

raised ICP

101
Q

RedFlagVomiting: If a child has vomiting plus faltering growth, what should you think of?

A

coeliac, GORD, food allergy

102
Q

Number one cause of painless massive GI bleeding requiring a transfusion in children between the ages of 1 and 2 years?

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

103
Q

When does weight count as ‘faltering’?

A

crosses two centile lines, OR
drops below 0.4th centile, OR
BMI drops below 2nd centile.

104
Q

There are 5 categories of causes of weight faltering. What are they love?

A
  1. inadequate intake
  2. malabsorption
  3. inadequate retention
  4. failure to utilize nutrients
  5. increased requirements
105
Q

The first three causes of weight faltering are:

  1. inadequate intake
  2. malabsorption
  3. inadequate retention

what are the other two causes?

A
  1. failure to utilize nutrients

5. increased requirements

106
Q

If a child is miserable, with distended abdo and thin buttocks, what does this make you think of?

A

malabsorption

107
Q

The first cause of weight faltering is inadequate intake. This can be environmental or pathological. Give some environmental causes of inadequate intake.

A
  • bad availability of food (e.g. no regular feeding times, incorrect formula, can’t afford)
  • psychosocial deprivation (e.g. poor maternal ed)
  • child abuse (deliberate underfeeding)
108
Q

The first cause of weight faltering is inadequate intake. This can be environmental or pathological. Give some pathological causes of weight faltering.

A
  • impaired suck/swallow
  • severe GORD
  • anaemia of chronic illness
109
Q

Why might a child have impaired suck/swallow?

A

cleft palate

cerebral palsy

110
Q

The second cause of weight faltering is malabsorption. Can often see with distended abdo, thin buttocks, misery. Throw out some diseases that malabsorption in kids.

A

short gut syndrome
post-NEC
liver disease

IBD, cows milk protein allergy, CF, coeliac

111
Q

The third cause of weight faltering is inadequate retention. Give me 2 reasons for inadequate retention.

A

vomiting

severe GORD

112
Q

The fourth cause of weight faltering is failure to utilize nutrients. What are a few reasons for failing to use nutrients properly? (all congenital)

A

Down’s
extreme prematurity / IUGR
metabolic storage disorders

113
Q

The fifth cause of weight faltering is increased requirements. This can be the case in chronic resp or kidney disease, as well as……..four others!!

A

Thyrotoxicosis!
Malignancy!
Chronic infection! (HIV)
Congenital heart disease!

114
Q

How do thyrotoxicosis, malignancy, chronic infection, and congenital heart disease cause weight faltering??

A

INCREASED REQUIREMENTS.

115
Q

Have a think about all the things that could be causing weight faltering. Name me a few of the many BLOODS you might check.

A 
FBC, WCC, CRP, 
U+Es, creatinine, 
Ca + phos, 
ferritin,
TFTs, LFTs, 
IgA tTG, immunoglobulins
116
Q

The management of weight faltering obvs depends on the underlying cause. They are managed mostly in primary care. Name some professionals who might be involved.

A

health visitor
PAED DIETICIAN
SALT
clinical psych / social services

117
Q

Name some DIETARY strategies for increasing intake…

A

more variety
more enrgy density
less milk + fruit juice
3 meals + 2 snacks

118
Q

Name some BEHAVIOURAL strategies for increasing intake…

A

regular mealtimes
eat together
avoid conflict
praise when eaten ignore when not

Paediatrics (14 decks)

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