paeds

Question 1

compomer vs rmgic

Answer 1

command set, adhesive,
Aesthetic
Simple to handle
Radiopaque
BUT Technique sensitive
Less F release than GICs
vs

Adhesive
Aesthetic
Command set
Simple to handle
Fluoride release
BUT Water absorption
Significant wear

Question 2

ECC

Answer 2

Presence of 1 or >
* Decayed (non)cavited /cavitated
* Missing dt caries/
* Filled

….In any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger(<6yo)

Question 3

considerations in mx of paeds pt?

Answer 3

1. CRA (OHI, systemic!conditions, parental compliance)
2. Child MX
   a. Behaviour MX
   b. ITR,ART!
3. Need for restoration
   4.Proximalvsocclusal caries
4. Deep proximal caries
5. Longevity of restorations

Question 4

FORMOCRESOL VS 1/5 dilution of
formocresol /buckley’s solution of formocresol vs FERRIC SULPHATE

Answer 4

high success rates; fixes tissues regarless infl/ not; concerns-toxicity,
potential mutagenicity
and carcinogenicity
Actual amount of
formaldehyde vapour
exposure(ppm) to a child
unkwn

vs

formalaldehyde19%,+
cresol35%+in distilled
water+glycerine
< tissue irritation and <cytotoxic; equally effective

vs

ferric ion complex,seals
cut blood vessel
mechanically producing
haemostasis; + form protective
metal protein-clot over
underlying vital radicular
pulp+ very acidic ; unable to fix; astringent 15.5%-shrinks tissues–> Int RR //Calcific metamorphosis

Question 5

MTA efficacy vs formocresol/ferric sulphate

Answer 5

Clinical trials show that MTA performs equal to or
better than formocresol or ferric sulfate and may be the
preferred pulpotomy agent in the future.

Question 6

Calcium silicate cement is

Answer 6

a bioceramic material- MTA AND BIODENTINE

Question 7

Hall Technique

Answer 7

Hall technique (HT), the dentist does not remove
any decaybut cements a steel crown over the decayed primary tooth.
- deep decay over halfway into dentin/no irr p.

Question 8

MTA adv 5

Answer 8

-Biocompatible → Less pulpal inflammation and/or hyperemia
● Antimicrobial activity (some facultative bacteria but no effect on strict anaerobic bacteria)
○ Initial pH 10.2 and rises to 12.5 after 3h
● Superior sealing properties
-Low solubility
● Setting ability uninhibited by blood or moisture
● Capacity to induce bone, dentin, and cementum formation and regeneration of periapical tissues (e.g., PDL)

Question 9

MTA Disadvantages

Answer 9

● Cost
● Long setting time (around 3-4 hrs)
● Additional chair time (2nd appt to complete tx)
○placing MTA in 1 visit without external moisture is not recommended-affect flexural strenth.
● Discolouration (for both gray and white MTA) - as long as there is bismuth oxide (only those which use zirconia as radiopacifiers that don’t discolour

Question 10

biodentine 8 adv

Answer 10

● Does not cause tooth discolouration-zirconium dioxide
● Complete in 1 appointment (sets in 12 minutes) dt presence of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide

● Biocompatible
● Antimicrobial activity (some bacteria)
● Good sealing ability
●Stimulate tertiary dentin formation

● Enhanced mechanical properties → reported that it penetrates through opened dentinal tubules to crystallize,
interlocking with dentin
● Good handling characteristics

Question 11

biodentine disadv

Answer 11

cost and >clinical studies needed

Question 12

ICDAS 4

Answer 12

Underlying dark shadow from dentine through intact enamel surface

Question 13

icdas 5; 6

Answer 13

Distinct cavity with visible dentine involving less than half of tooth surface ; >1/2 if its 6

Question 14

taurodontism

Answer 14

Apical extension of trunks of teeth-enlarged pulp chamber and
short roots
* Associated ectodermal*dysplasia- hav microdontia

Question 15

1st appt of RET

Answer 15

LA, RDI, Access
2. Sodium hypochlorite (1.5-3%) irrigation for 5 mins
3. Sterile saline or EDTA irrigation for 5 mins
- Minimise cytotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite on vital tissues
1. Dry with paper points
2. Intracanal medicament
- Antibiotic paste
➢ Triple- ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, minocycline 1:1:1 at concentration 1-5mg/ml
NOTE: Place below CEJ to minimise crown staining
➢ Double- without minocycline or substitute minocycline for other antibiotic
- Calcium hydroxide (for disinfection)
1. Interim coronal seal
- 3-4mm of Cavit/IRM/GI

Question 16

2ND visit for RET

Answer 16

LA (*without vasoconstrictor), RDI
2. 17% EDTA irrigation
- Releases growth factors from dentine
1. Sterile saline irrigation
2. Dry with paper points
3. Induce bleeding
- Over-instrumenting ~2mm past apical foramen with a K- file
- Alternative: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF),
1. Scaffold
- Blood clot: Allow blood to fill canal until to level of CEJ
- Resorbable collagen matrix (CollaPlug, CollaCote, CollaTape) over blood clot if necessary
. Pulp space barrier
-White MTA or tricalcium silicate cement layer on top of blood clot/collagen matrix under CEJ
1. Coronal restoration
- RMGIC
- Refresh cavity walls with bur and seal with adhesive restoration

Question 17

Tooth mousse

Answer 17

casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate

Question 18

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) 6 key facts not classification
What is it? Interfere with ?
Affects which dentition
Eruption?
Assoc with?
High incidence of
Appearance n implication

Answer 18

is a developmental disturbance that interferes with normal enamel formation without a systemic disorder.

It affects nearly all teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions.

-may exhibit accelerated or late eruption.

Associated w-enlarged follicles, impacted permanent teeth, ectopic eruption, enamel resorption and ankylosis [unlikely].

-high incidence of anterior open bite.

-disfiguring appearance, impacting the individual’s self-esteem and social interactions.

Question 19

Classify AI

Answer 19

Hypocalcified AI: Characterized by normal thickness but smooth surface and less hardness of the enamel.

Hypoplastic, pitted AI: Exhibits normal thickness with a pitted surface and normal hardness.

Hypoplastic, generalized AI: Has reduced thickness with a smooth surface and normal hardness.

Hypomaturation AI: Features normal thickness, chipped surface, less hardness, and opaque white coloration.

Question 20

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) 3 facts and radiographic feature

Answer 20

is a hereditary developmental disturbance of the dentin that can occur in isolation or in conjunction with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a systemic hereditary disorder of the bone-brittle and prone to #.

• blue-gray to yellow-brown discoloration of teeth, which appear opalescent due to the defective, abnormally-colored dentin shining through the translucent enamel.
• enamel often fractures from the teeth due to the lack of support from the poorly mineralized dentin, leading to rapid wear and attrition.

Radiographically, teeth may show bulbous crowns, cervical constriction, thin roots, and early obliteration of the root canal and pulp chambers.

COLIA 1 and 2 gene mutation

Question 21

Dental caries is a …

Answer 21

disease caused by an ecological shift in the
composition and activity of the bacterial biofilm when exposed
over time to fermentable carbohydrates, leading to a break in
the balance between demineralization and remineralization.

Question 22

Resin-based sealants are

Answer 22

urethane dimethacrylate, “UDMA,”
or bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (also known as “bisGMA”) monomers polymerized by either a chemical activator and/or light of a specific wavelength and
intensity. Resin-based sealants come as unfilled, colorless,
or tinted transparent materials or as filled, opaque, toothcolored, or white materials.

Question 23

• GI sealants are

Answer 23

cements that were developed and are used
for their fluoride-release properties, stemming from the acid-base reaction between a fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder
and an aqueous-based polyacrylic acid solution.
*

Question 24

Polyacid-modified resin sealants are..

Answer 24

referred to as compomers, combine resin-based material found in traditional
resin-based sealants with the fluoride-releasing and adhesive
properties of GI sealants.

-strontium fluorosilicate glass

Question 25

Resin-modified GI sealants are

Answer 25

• essentially GI sealants with
  resin components. This type of sealant has similar fluoride release properties as GI, but it has a longer working time
  and less water sensitivity than do traditional GI sealants.

Question 26

bisphenol A (BPA) in dentistry

Answer 26

Bis-GMA, Bis-DMA, Bis-EMA [Bis-GMA – bisphenol A diglycidyl dimethacrylate
Bis-EMA – bisphenol A ethoxylated dimethacrylate
Bis-DMA – bisphenol A dimethacrylate] , commonly used monomers in dentistry, are derivatives from bisphenol A (BPA).
Small and transient increase in baseline BPA levels may be detected in patient’s urine and saliva following treatment with resin-based dental materials.

Question 27

how to reduce BPA exposure?

Answer 27

main source of BPA is believed to be the outer layer of sealants and resin composites that does not polymerize in the presence of oxygen.
1.Reading and following manufacturers’ instructions;
2. Ensuring proper curing light function (i.e. light intensity);
3. Reducing the distance between light curing tip and restoration surface;
4. Applying glycerin gel for the polymerization of the last resin layer;
5. Completing restorative material curing to help maximize the material’s monomer-to-polymer conversion.
6. by pt rinsing their mouths.
7. RDI

Question 28

moisture can trigger a reaction that
releases fluoride and buffers acidic environments in which dental filling

Answer 28

COMPOMER

Question 29

primary tooth eruption sequence

Answer 29

Starts with
lower A 5mo-8mo ->
upper A 6-10 mo +Lower B 7-10mo->
Upper B 8-12 mo ->
U+L D 11-18mo –>
U+L C 16-20mo ->
U+L E 20-30mo
No eruption until 5.5yrs

Question 30

permanent tooth eruption sequence

Answer 30

Mixed Dentition: followed by the loss of primary teeth and the eruption of permanent successors.

L6 5-7yr –>
upper 1st molar&lower central incisors 6-7yrs-> upper CI and L LatInc 7 -8yrs–>
U LInc 8-9yrs–>
L3 9-11 yrs–>
U4 10-11yrs->
L4 and U5 10-12yrs–>
L5 11-13yrs–>
U3 11-12yrs ->
U+L 7’s 12-14yrs –>
8’s 17-30 yrs

Permanent Dentition: By age 12 to 13, most children have lost all their primary teeth, and the permanent teeth, excluding the third molars, have erupted. The third molars, or wisdom teeth, typically erupt between 17 and 21 years of age.

Question 31

dental amalgam an alloy made of

Answer 31

silver[main], tin and mercury

Question 32

What happens to amalgam… and… strength when add high copper and spherical alloys?

Answer 32

higher early compressive and tensile strength

Question 33

measles -what virus, primary symptoms, transmission

Answer 33

paramyxovirus
Primary Symptoms: High fever, cough, malaise,and a dark red, maculopapular rash that originates behind the ears and spreads to the rest of the body. Koplik’s spots—tiny white spots on the buccal mucosa —are a key diagnostic indicator/pathognomonic.

Koplik’s spots can precede the rash and are useful for early diagnosis.

Transmission: Highly contagious through respiratory droplets.

Question 34

Mumps-Primary Symptom:
Transmission:

Answer 34

Mumps Virus
Swelling of the parotid salivary glands-usually bilateral, but unilateral swelling can occur, which can cause pain and discomfort in the jaw and neck area, low-grade fever, malaise, headache, and possibly swelling of other salivary glands.

Oral Impact: Dry mouth due to salivary gland involvement, difficulty swallowing-self limiting

Transmission: Respiratory droplets and direct contact with saliva.

Question 35

Rubella (German Measles)

Primary Symptom+ transmission

Answer 35

Rubella virus.
fever; less commonly, enlarged lymph nodes. Conconfluent, pink, maculopapular rash, which, like measles, extends from behind the ears to the rest of the body.Forchheimer spots are tiny red spots on the soft palate in rubella. They sometimes precede the skin rash of rubella.
self limiting as well
Transmission: Respiratory droplets.

Question 36

Roseola infantum

Answer 36

Roseola infantum (sixth disease)HHV-6 human herpes virus -6: Three days of high fever are followed by a sudden decrease in temperature and development of a patchy, rose-pink, macular rash. The rash originates on the trunk and neck, and may spread to the face and extremities in some cases.

Question 37

Varicella infection in children

Answer 37

varicella zoster virus (VZV) (chickenpox): The intensely pruritic rash affects the whole body.

Characterized by sequential clusters of papules, vesicles, and pustules in various stages of development; which leads to the characteristic clinical finding known as “starry sky.”

The rash may be preceded by a prodrome of constitutional symptoms.

Question 38

VIT D deficiency lead to ..in cren, … in adolescent / adults

essential for …. + … absorption

Answer 38

low vitamin D can lead to soft bones- rickets in children and osteomalacia in adolescents and adults.
Vit D essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the diet-which are critical for the normal mineralization of tooth enamel and dentin.

Question 39

MIH is definied as…
appear as…
prone to.. 3x+ problems 4x

Answer 39

HYPOmineralisation of systemic origin, presented as demarcated opacities , qualitative defects of enamel of one to 4 FPM w/w/o incisors involvement.
Appear white, creamish, yellow or brown defects- assoc with PEB-post eruptive breakdown.
prone to decay, sensitivity and esthetic issues + problems to anaesthesize, b’vioral mx prob, tooth loss, financial concerns.

Question 40

mild MIH vs Severe MIH

what is predictor of MIH in 1* tooth? vs SECC

Answer 40

mild - demarcated enamel opacities without PEB, induced sensitivity air/water, mild asthetic issue

severe, breakdown and carious, spontaneous HS, strong esthetic concern

may be seen in 2nd 1* molar and tips of permanent canine - predictor of MIH [localised] vs generalised in secc

Question 41

etiology of MIH

qs to ask to diff with Fluorosis/ AI/ enamel hypoplasia - Turner’s tooth/ White spot lesion

Answer 41

Not fully understood
SYSTEMIC AND MEDICAL H/O
Pre natal period -medical issue/abx h/o / high fever -third trimester
Perinatal - prolonged delivery/ induced delivery/ spontaneous vagina delivery/ Cesarean
Post natal first 3 yrs of life - newborn- admitted ?/ VZV-chickenpox/ URI freq/ high fever
Any insult during period cause MIH.

MIH have genetic defect in Enam, amelix and MMP 20

Fluorosis - h/o of excessive fluoride ingestion when younger ; geographical area near hotspring, HIGH CONTENT OF FLUORIDE in water

Enamel hypoplasia - h/o Trauma /localised abcess infection

VS MIH with PEB -LACK VIT D -Def affect the development of teeth - affect calcium absorption -> in country lack of sunlight- eg in UK ->hypomineralised

AI - hypomineralized, hypomaturation, hypoplastic
-ask if same defect in primary dentition as permanent dentition
-familial history - related to genetics

WSL - early sign of caries - area of plaque is stagnant - proximal and cervical areas dt Poor OH+caries and high sugary diet

Question 42

Condition + Key Features

1 Fluorosis
2Enamel Hypoplasia
3Amelogenesis Imperfecta
4 white spot lesion
5 Traumatic Hypomineralisation
6 MIH

Answer 42

1.Associated with fluoride ingestion during enamel development and caries resistant. Presents as diffuse, linear, patchy/ confluent white opacities without a clear boundary bilaterally+symmetrical.
2.Quantitative developmental defect with reduced enamel thickness. Regular and smooth lesions. Often results in pre-eruptive enamel breakdown+increased caries risk.
3 Genetic condition resulting in enamel that is hypoplastic, hypomature, or hypomineralized. Affects both 1* and permanent teeth. Familial history often present.
4 Early sign of caries, appearing as chalky, matte or opaque than the adjacent sound enamel. Typically found near the cervical/proximal margin of the tooth.
5 Occurs due to trauma/PERIapical infection to the primary predecessor tooth, affecting the mineralisation of the permanent tooth. Presents uniquely in shape, outline, and color, often limited to one tooth and asymmetrical.
6. MIH with post-eruptive enamel breakdown
are sharp and irregular due to post-eruptive
shearing of weakened enamel; caries prone, assymetrical [vs fluorosis]; smooth cm2 vs WSL presentation.

Question 43

mx of MIH considerations for pain mx
why hard to give LA?
what LA technique and which LA ?

Answer 43

Hard to anaesthesize because pulp v inflamed and hard to give LA + sensitive during filling/cleaning ; may hv acute pulpitis- better ID block and buccal block
Lidocaine and articaine -> IADN -> NO DIFF
ARTICAINE FOR INTRAOSSEOUS MORE EFFECTIVE and intradental and intraligament > profound

Take PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC
N20 help reduce pain
R dam isolate and reduce sensitivity during tx
Suction, avoid high volume suction dt air stimulation
Behaviour prob- kiv GA

Question 44

silver diamine fluoride
Composition
MOAction:
Application by:

benefits: 6x
Effectiveness by …
cost < than….
complexity?

Answer 44

Silver Diamine Fluoride [usually 38%] is composed of silver, fluoride, and ammonia.
colorless/blue-tinted liquid with pH between 10 and 13
Silver acts as an antimicrobial ions disrupt membranes and inhibit DNA replication; fluoride promotes remineralization; ammonia stabilizes the solution for treating dentin sensitivity.
Application: Requires professional application.

Benefits of SDF:
1increase in mineral density of treated carious tissue.
2Cost-Efficiency: Significantly less expensive< atraumatic restorative tx (ART) but same efficacy.
4 Ease of Use: Simple application process, minimal training required.
5 Non-Invasive: Does not require removal of sound tooth tissue.
6 Restorative Compatibility: Does not impair bonding of glass ionomer cements; limited evidence on resin composite performance post-SDF application.

Question 45

Clinical Application SDF

disadvantages:

recommendad usage:

Answer 45

1 Caries Arrest: Effective in arresting caries in primary and permanent teeth.
2 Sensitivity Treatment
3 Special Populations: Useful for patients who are uncooperative or have limited access to care.

1 Permanent black staining of treated carious lesions,limits use in visible areas st silver ions.
2 Unpleasant metallic taste.
3 Tissue Irritation: Potential irritation to gingival and mucosal tissues if contacted.
2x/yr application

Question 46

paper to quote for SDF

Answer 46

2019 systematic review found that once-yearly SDF application was more effective in preventing caries than more frequent application (i.e., 2 to 4 times yearly) of fluoride varnish. Add, FS perform better as SDF may need freq reapplication.