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Radiology > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Askin Tumour

A

10yo

PNET/Ewings of the chest

Bone destruction

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2
Q

Autosomal Recessive Kidney Disease

A

Infantile polycystic kidney disease

  • Enlarged hyperechoic kidneys (1-2mm cyst)
  • Striated nephrogram
  • In utero US:
    • No urine in the bladder
    • Enlarged hyperechoic kidneys
    • Oligohydramnios
  • Assoc
    • Pulmonary hypoplasia
    • Pneumohorax
    • Hepatic fibrosis
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3
Q

B-Haemolytic pneumonia

A

Reduced lund volume

Sometimes pleural effusuion

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4
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

A
  • Exomphalos
  • Macroglossia
  • Gigantism
  • Malrotation of the small intestine
  • assoc w/ Wilms tumour and hepatoblastoma
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5
Q

Caudal regression

A

Agenesis of the sacrum (20%)

Partial absence or underdevelopment of the lower extremeties.

GI and GU anomalies.

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6
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • Diffusely enlarged cerebreform adrenals
  • Females usually present with ambiguous genitalia whereas males can present later with severe electrolyte imbalances.
  • US : Tiny/not visble ovaries.
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7
Q

Congenital lobar emphysema

A

LUL>RML>RUL

Hyperlucent lung due to ball-valve affect

Alveolar opcification in first few days of life due to failure to clear fluids.

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8
Q

CPAM

A

Type 0: Rare and fatal

Type 1: Most common, large cysts (2–10 cm), unilateral

Type 2: Common, multiple small cysts (0.5–2 cm), associated with other congenital abnormalities

Type 3: Uncommon, large, often solid

Type 4: Uncommon, thin walled cysts, often multifocal, high association with malignancy, specifically pleuropulmonary blastoma

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9
Q

CRITOL

A

1 year (1) C = Capitellum

3-5 years (3) R = Radial head

5-7 years (5) I = Internal / Medial epicondyle

5-7 years (7) T = Trochlea

7-10 years (9) O = Olecranon

11 years (11) L = External / Lateral epicondyle

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10
Q

Croup

A

Parainfluenza

6m-3yo

Steeple sign - If asymmetric = subglottic haemangioma

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11
Q

Epiglottitis

A

> 3 yo

Drooloing, dysphagia, sore thoat and fever.

H. Influenza

Tx intubation for 24-48hrs and abx

Inx:

  • Thickened aryepiglottic folds
  • Thickened epigolttis on lateral neck
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12
Q

Fetal hydronephrosis grades

A

Grade 0: No dilation, calyceal walls apposed

Grade 1: Dilation of renal pelvis

Grade 2: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces

Grade 3: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces with blunting of fornices

Grade 4: Gross dilation and loss of borders of pelvis and calyces with renal atrophy

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13
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

US:

Target sign mass. 4mm thick and 15mm long

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14
Q

Intussusception lead points in children

A
  • None (hypertrophy of lymph tissue
  • Mekel diverticulum
  • Polyp or tumour
  • Intramural haematoma
  • Mesentaeric adenitis
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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15
Q

Klippel Trenauny Syndrome

A
  1. Tissue hypertrophy
  2. Cutaneous haemangiomatous lesions (port wine stain nevus flammeus)
  3. Diffuse venous and lymphatic malformations.
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16
Q

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome

A
  • Class I Mallerian Duct Abnormality.
  • Primary amenorrhoea
  • Complete aplasia of the upper third of the vagina and uterus .
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17
Q

Meconium aspiration

A

Prolonged labour

Air-trapping

Assoc. pneumothorax

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18
Q

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

A

Large non-communicating cysts separated by fibrous tissue. Cysts can be calcified.

Results from severe PUJ obstruction before 10 weeks gestation.

Contralateral enlarged kidney

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19
Q

Multilocular Cystic Nephroma

A

2-4 years old M>F

Large (>10cm) congenital renal lesion with large cystic spaces. Septae can enhance.

Similar appearance to cystic Wilm’s tumour

20
Q

Paediatric HCC

A
  • Around age 13
  • Central scar which occoasionally calcifies.
21
Q

PHACE syndrome

A

Posterior fossa (DW malformation)

Haemangiomas

Arterial anomalies

Coarctation of the aorta

Ocular anomalies

22
Q

Pleuroplumonary blastoma

A

Massive chest mass < 2yo

23
Q

Prostatic utricle cyst

A

Midline cyst

Can communicate with urethra

Assoc. w/ hypospadias, cryptochidism and RENAL AGENESIS

24
Q

Prune Belly Syndrome (Eagle-Barrett)

A
  1. Widely separated abdominal rectus muscles (gives skin wrinkled appearance)
  2. Hydronephrosis
  3. Cryptorchidism (due to bladder ditsention)

Assoc w/

  • Dysplastic kidneys
  • Oligohydramnios
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia
  • Urethral atresia
  • Patent urachus
  • Prostatic hypoplasia
25
Q

Reflux grading system

A

Grade I: Reflux to ureter but not to kidney

Grade II: Reflux into ureter, pelvis, and calyces without dilatations

Grade III: Reflux to calyces with mild dilatation, blunted fornices

Grade IV: Reflux to calyces with moderate dilatation, obliteration of fornices

Grade V: Gross dilatation, tortuous ureters

26
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree

A
  • Common bile duct mass displaces the panbcreas and liiver.
  • Mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy.
  • Occurs in 3yr olds.
27
Q

Septic arthritis causes

A

Neonate = Group D strep

<4yrs = Haemophilus, Strep, staph aureus

>4yrs = Staph aureus

>10yrs = Staph aureus + Neisseria gonorrhoea

Adults = Staph aureus

28
Q

Sequestration

A

Arterial feeder from the aorta

Intralobar:

  • 75%
  • Adolecent with recurrent pneumonia
  • Pulmonary venous drainage

Extralobar:

  • 25%
  • Assoc. w/ other stuff (cyanotic heart disease)
  • Present in infancy
  • Systemic venous drainage.
29
Q

Stomach volvulus

A

Mesentroaxial (more common in kids)

  • Pylorus above the GOJ
  • occures with eventeration of the left hemidiaphragm or hernia.

Organoxial (rare in kids)

  • Long axis of the stomach
  • Lesser curvature inferior to the greater curvature.
30
Q

Subglottic haemangioma

A

Vascular structure

Causes asymmetric steeple sign

assoc. w/ Torcula-lambdoid inversion = Dandy Walker

31
Q

Transient tachypnea

A
  • C-section
  • Maternal sedation
  • Hyper-inflated lungs
32
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Horshoe kidney

Streak-like ovaries

Co-arctarctation

Bicuspid aortic valve

Madelung deformity

33
Q

Wilm’s Tumour

A

Rare in neonates - Typically 2-4 yo

Renal parenchymal tumour - can be cystic with haemorrhage (15% calcification) - Fibrous capsule - Intrarenal mass effect - Vascular invasion - 5-10% bilateral.

Assoc w:

  • WAGR = Wilms - aniridia - GU abnormalities - mental developmental delay
  • Drash = male pseudohemophrodism - progressive glomerulonephritis
  • Beckwith-Wiedemann
  • Hemihyperplasia
34
Q

Zinner syndrome

A

Seminal vesicle cysts

Absent kidney

Poly cystic kidneys

Ectopic ureter

35
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

Immotile cilia - respiratory, auditory and sperm

Inx:

  • Bronchiectasis
  • Complete thoracic and abdominal situs inversus
  • Sinus hyperplasia and mucosal thickening
36
Q

Swyer-James syndrome

A

Small hyperlucent lung with deminished vessels

Acquired pulmonary hypoplasia/postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans

37
Q

Sickle cell CXR

A

Consolidation

Pleural effusion

Fine reticular opacities (pulmonary fibrosis)

Large heart in severe anemia

H-shaped vertebral bodies

Osteonecrosis, bone infarct in visualized humeri

38
Q

RDS

A

Hyaline membrane disease of prematurity

CXR:

  • reduced lung volumes
  • groundglass opcities
  • atelectasis
  • airbronchograms
  • no pleural effusion.

Can result in persistent PDA and heart failure.

Tx can lead to PIE

39
Q

PIE

A

Complication of postive pressure ventilaton causeing barotrauma

Results in pneumothorax, pneumomediatinum and pneumopericardium

CXR:

  • Tortuous linear lucencies radiate outward from the hilar regions.
  • The lucencies extend all the way to the periphery of the lung.
  • Lucencies do not change with respiration.
40
Q

Neonatal pneumonia

A

Transplacental TORCH

Ascending - Related to birth canal - Group B strep, E. Coli and enterococci.

assoc w premature rupture of membranes

CXR:

Patchy asymmetric opacity with airtrapping

41
Q

TTN

A

Delayed resorption of intrauterine pulmonary liquids.

Caused by - Cesarean section, premature delivery, maternal sedation (no thoracic squeezing) Hypoproteinemia, hypervolemia, erythrocythemia

CXR:

  • Prominent vascular markings
  • Pleural effusion
  • Fluid in fissure
  • Alveolar edema
  • Lungs clear in 24–48 hours.
42
Q

Mediastinial masses

A

Anterior

  • Thymus
  • Teratoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Cystic hygroma
  • Thyroid hyperplasia
  • Thymoma

Posterior

  • Adenopathy
  • Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation
  • Vascular malformation

Posterior:

  • Neuroblastoma
  • Ganglioneuroma
  • Neurofibroma
  • Meningoceles
  • Extramedullary haematopoeisis
43
Q

Grading of germinal matrix haemorrhage

A

Grade 1: Subependymal hemorrhage; no long-term abnormality

Grade 2: Intraventricular hemorrhage without ventricular dilatation; 10% mortality

Grade 3: Intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilatation; 20% mortality

Grade 4: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage; >50% mortality

44
Q

Craniosyostosis

A

Dolichocephaly (scaphocephaly): sagittal suture (60%)

Brachycephaly: coronal suture (20%)

Trigonocephaly: metopic suture

Oxycephaly: all

Plagiocephaly: unilateral coronal or lambdoid suture (Harlequin eye if coronal suture)

Cloverleaf (kleeblattschädel): all except metopic and squamosal sutures

45
Q

Wormian bones

A

Pyknodysostosis

OI

Rickets in healing

Kinky hair syndrome

Cleidocranial dysplasia

Hypothyroidism

Otopalatodigital syndrome

Pachydermoperiostosis

Syndrome of Down

Radiology (6 decks)

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