PAEDIATRICS Flashcards
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
P R O V e
P ulmonary stenosis
R ight ventricular hypertrophy
O veriding Aorta
V sd
CF : Ejection systolic Murmur
cyanosis
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
RED FLAGS
GROSS MOTOR
NOT ABLE TO SIT AT THE AGE OF 12 MONTHS
NOT ABLE TO WALK AT THE AGE OF 18 MONTHS
NOT ABLE TO RUN AT THE AGE OF 2.5 YEARS
FINE MOTOR
NOT ABLE TO HOLD AT THE AGE OF 5 MONTHS
NOT ABLE TO REACH AT THE AGE OF 6 MONTHS
SPEECH
NO SPEECH 18 MONTHS
NOT ABLE TO SAY 2 WORDS - 2 YEARS
PRADER VILLI SYNDROME
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
MALE WITH BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS AND UNCONTROLLED FEEDING HABITS , WEIGHT GAIN AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY < 6 YEARS AGED. BLONDE HAIRS , BLUE EYES
COW MILK PROTEIN ALLERGY
ECZEMA - SKIN RASHES
VOMITING
DIARHHOEA
POOR GROWTH
POST FEEDING CRIES
CAUSES
INFANT COLIC :seen in 2 - 3weeks old children , crying > 3 hours, > 3 days a week , for 3 weeks
GORD
FEEDING OR LACTATION TECHNIQUE
BREASTFEEDING THRUSH
Itchy sore nipples - mother
Child would have white spots on mouth and tongue
T/t : miconazole cream 2% to both nipples and baby - miconazole oral gel
Retinoblastoma
white pupillary reflex
absent red pupillary reflex at 6 weeks indicates :congenital cataract or retinoblastoma
Rare complication of hsp
intussusception
Analgesia in children
- Paracetamol mostly recommended
- Tramadol and codeine not recommended in children below 12 years of age
- Diclofenac advised for rhuematic and joint pains
- ibuproben can be used expect in asthmatics
ROSEOLA
- Pink spots or rashes all over the body .
- 3 rule ie less than 3 years old aged children , fever for less than 3 days
- rash lasts for 3 days
- t/t : Reassurance
stridor
not seen in asthma
UTI IN CHILDREN
Urine dipstick test will show leukocytes
Action plan :
- if both leukocyte esterase nitrite -ve ; no Ab req and no urine culture req
- if both leukocyte esterase and nitrite +ve ; start Abs and do urine culture .
RED FLAGS IN FEBRILE ILLNESS REQUIRING ADMISSION
Reduced skin turgor,RR>60,NON BLANCHING RASH
Endless crying , elevated temperature >38
Drowsy
**F **ocal seizures
L abourious chest indrawing
A a bulging fonatanelle
G grey skin - pale or blue
S stiff neck
Group B streptoccocus infection in neonates
and Neonatal sepsis
M/c cause of early onset neonatal sepsis
R/F: PPROM , Chorioamnionitis
C.F includes
fever , Jaundice , Poor feeding seen within first week of life, along with lethargy , high pitched crying and hypotonia .
investigation : blood culture intially , followed by cxr, fbc , crp
t/t : antibiotics
Any patient with new onset strabismus and persistent headache
CT HEAD to r/o intracranial mass
Coeliac disease in children
- TTG IgA -ve OR EMA -ve and IgA deficiency present = Request IgG Instead
- if TTG IgA Equivocal : do EMA
- Confirmation: duodenal biopsy
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
M/C in children is minimal change d/s
Triad of
* Proteinuria (>3.5 g/24 hr)
* Hypoalbuminemia ( <30g/L )
* Oedema
* T/t :
* first line -1) Prednisolone
2) Cyclophosphamide for steroid resistant cases
Malrotation and Volvulus
Malrotation : Failure of normal sequence of rotation and fixation of small intestine , which results in small bowel rotation, leading to duodenal obstruction
Volvulus : Whren malrotation results in obstruction of superior mesentric blood vessels , resulting in cutting off its own blood supply .
Clinical features and investigations of volvulus
Green- bilious vomiting
Blood per rectum
seen usually in neonates
Investigations : Abdominal XRAY - distended bowel loops and abnormal gas patterns
Gold standard : Upper GI Endoscopy
T/t : Decompression with NG Tube and referral to PD surgery for laparotomy and resection
