Paediatrics Flashcards
State the 3 stages in prenatal stage.
PRENATAL STAGE
- Conception
- Embyro (first 12 weeks of gestation - first trimester)
- Foetus (13th week of gestation-birth - second+third trimester)
Define a term pregnancy
Term pregnancy = foetus is born between 37 weeks and 41+6 weeks of gestation
Define
1. EARLY TERM
2. FULL TERM
3. LATE TERM
pregnancies
early term = 37+0 to 38+6 weeks
full term = 39+0 to 40+6 weeks
late term = 41+0 to 41+6 weeks
Define a post-term pregnancy vs pre-term pregnancy
post-term pregnancy = foetus is born at >= 42 weeks of gestation
pre-term pregnancy = foetus is born before 37 weeks of gestation
State the difference between
1. extremely preterm
2. very preterm
3. moderate-late preterm
pregnancies
extremely preterm = less than 28 weeks
very preterm = 28-32 weeks
moderate-late preterm = 32-less than 37 weeks
State a predisposing factor for pre-term pregnancies
parents who are born prematurely
Explain which group, pre-term, term and post-term pregnancies have higher risk of neonatal jaundice.
PRE-TERM PREGNANCIES
- Immature liver development –> liver unable to functionanormally to clear bilirubin –> hyperbilirubinemia
- Immature gut - more bilirubin being reabsorbed into the bloodstream instead of being eliminated
State the complications of neonatal jaundice
Kernicterus –> babies do not have developed BBB, bilirubin able to cross into brain and cause permanent braind amage
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
State the treatment for neonatal jaundice
blue light phototherapy - blue or blue-green phototherapy converts UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN in the skin into water-soluble forms that can be excreted in bile and urine without needing liver conjugation
State the main contributing factors to neonatal jaundice
- G6PD deficiency (X-linked recessive –> more common in males)
- RBC breakdown due to infections
- Immature liver functions (pre-term births)
- Inadequate breastfeeding (dehydration and reduced excretion)
- Blood type incompatability (mother - O and baby A/B)
- Low birth weight (underdeveloped organs)
- Bruising or internal bleeding (subgaleal haemorrhage)
- Medications
- Polycythemia (overproduction of RBC –> increased hemolysis)
State the main reasons for pre-term birth
- spontaneous pre-term labour
- clinical indication to deliver early
State some measures to reduce preterm birth and its effects (biopsychological + socioecological)
- Ensure adequate maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy
- Promote regular antenatal checkups to monitor maternl and foetal health
- Screen for and treat infections
- Strengthen health systems to provide quality prenatal and postnatal care
- Raise awareness of the importance of spacing pregnancies and family planning
- Manage maternal conditions (smoking, infections, chronic conditions)
Define the timing of neonatal period and infancy
neonatal period - first 28 days of life
infancy - 1st year of life after neonatal period
State the biolocal changes that occur during the neonatal period
NEOANTAL PERIOD
1. Respiratory and CV systems change immediatey after birth
2. GI and body’s waste management system (kidneys and liver) start working
State the group that accounts the most for <5 year olds that died
neonates (first 28 days of life)
State the biological changes that occur during the infancy period
INFANCY PERIOD
1. Triple their birthweight
2. Develop visual acuity
3. Develop gross motor skills + fine motor skills
4. Develop communication (babbling and small gestures)
5. Show temperament and attachment to caregivers
6. Begin transition from complete dependence on caregivers to increasing independence
Expand on the age groups that make up the <5 year olds that died
1/2 - neonates
1/4 - <12 months old (after neonate period)
1/4 - 1-4 years
State the leading cause of death in children <5 years old
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1. Pre-term birth
2. Birth aphyxia or trauma
3. Congenital abnormalities
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES - pneumonia, malaria, diarrhoea
State the preventive measures against death in children <5 years old
- adequate nutrition
- safe water and safe food
- immunisation
- quality care by trained health providers when needed
Define the age group of toddlers and children
toddlers - 1-3 year olds
childhood - 3-19 years old (bordering on adolescence)
State the biological changes that occur in toddlers
TODDLERS - significnat physical, cognitive and social-emotional development
1. More mobile and develop more advanced motor skills (walking, running, climbing, utensils)
2. Language and communication abilities
3. Engage in pretend and parallel play
4. Assert independence and display curiosity
Breakdown the age groups into early/middle/late childhood
early childhood - 3-6 years old
middle childhood - 6-10 years old
late childhood - 10-19 years old
Onset of adolescence is defined by the onset of ____
Onset of adolescence is defined by the onset of PUBERTY
State the leading causes of death in children 5-9 years old
CHILDREN 5-9 YEARS OLD
- Non-communicable diseases - drowning, falls, intentional self-harm, cancer, congenital anomalies
- Communicable diseases - infectious diseases + respiratory diseases
