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Neuroscience Gaps Flashcards

CN 8 + Multisystems + How do we see/hear + Cerebral cortex and blood supply

1
Q
A
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2
Q

State the histological structures in the cerebral cortex (exterior –> inferior)

A

layer 1 - axons and dendrites
layer 2 - small neurons (intracortical connections)
layer 3 - medium neurons (association and commisural fibres)
layer 4 - thalamic fibres termination
layer 5 - giant betz cells (projection fibres - pyramidal tract)
layer 6 - assocation and projection fibres

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3
Q

State the location of the 3 types of fibres in the white matter of cerebral cortex

A
  1. assocaiation fibres - within hemispheres
  2. commisural fibres - between 2 hemispheres
  3. projection fibres - link cerebrum to other parts of CNS
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4
Q

Label the functional areas
- primary motor cortex
- primary sensory cortex
- visual cortex
- auditory cortex

A
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5
Q

Describe the location of the
- Motor speech area
- Sensory speech area

A

Motor speech area (broca’s area)
- Inferior to PFC in frontal lobe

Sensory speech area (wernicke’s area)
- inferior to secondary sensory cortex in temporal lobe

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6
Q

State the structure that connects broca’s area with wernicke’s area

A

broca’s area - motor speech
wernicke’s area - sensory speech

connected by ARCUTE FASCICULUS (white matter tract)

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7
Q

State the function of prefrontal cortex

A

Involved in HIGHER MENTAL FACULTIES in
- behaviour
- planning
- foresight

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8
Q

State the results of lesions in
- Broca’s motor speech area
- Wernicke’s sensory speech area

A

BROCA’S AREA LESION
–> expressive aphasia (difficulty speaking and writign)

WERNICKE’S AREA LESION –> receptive aphasia (difficulty understanding the spoken word)

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9
Q

State the result of a lesion in FEF (frontal eye field)

A

FEF lesion –> conjugate deviation of the eyes towards the side of the lesion

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10
Q

State the result of a lesion in PFC (prefrontal cortex)

A
  1. inappropriate social behaviour
  2. difficulty in adaptation and loss of initiative
  3. sucking groping and grasping reflexes
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11
Q

State the structures that make up the LIMBIC SYSTEM

State the functions of the limbic system

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- anterior thalamic nuclei
- limbic cortex

functions - emotion, behaviour, long term memory, olfaction

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12
Q

Parietal lobe receives input from ____ Nc of the ____

A

Parietal lobe receives input from VENTRAL POSTERIOR Nc of the THALAMUS

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13
Q

Name the sulcus that separates the primary visual cortexes

A

calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe

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14
Q

Recap:

Name the two visual pathways, their functions and their locations.

A

(1) VENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAY
- Function - WHAT - form and colour
- Location - under side of the temporal lobe

(2) DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY
- Function - WHERE - spatial relationships and motion information
- Location - posterior parietal lobe

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15
Q

State the cerebral A that does not originate from internal carotid A

A

posterior cerebral A (originates from basilar A)

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16
Q

State the areas supplied by
1. anterior cerebral A
2. middle cerebral A
3. posterior cerebral A

A

Anterior cerebral A - medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes (motor and sensory of LL)

Middle cerebral A - lateral surface of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (motor and sensory of UL, auditory cortices)

Posterior cerebral A - inferior surface of temporal and occipital lobes (limbic system + visual cortex)

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17
Q

State the 2 main branches of arteries that supply the brain

A
  1. internal carotid A
  2. vertebral A
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18
Q

State the other branches of internal carotid A other than anterior and middle cerebral A

A
  1. anterior cerebral A
  2. middle cerebral A
  3. ophthalmic A
  4. hypophyseal A
  5. anterior choroidal A
  6. posterior communicating A
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19
Q

State the common sites of aneurysms (ballooning of A)

A
  1. circle of willis
  2. arch of aorta
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20
Q

State the effect of OCCLUSION OF SUPERIOR DIVISION OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL A

A

OCCLUSION OF SUPERIOR DIVISION OF MCA
- Contralateral hemiparesis of UL
- Contralateral hemisensory deficit in UL
- No homonymous hemianopia

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21
Q

State the effect of OCCLUSION OF INFERIOR DIVISION OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL A

A

OCCLUSION OF INFERIOR DIVISION OF MCA
- Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
- Marked impairment of cortical sensory functions
- Disorders in spatial thought (lack of awareness that deficit exists)
- Neglect
- Failure to recognise contralateral limb
- Dressing apraxia

22
Q

State the effect of OCCLUSION OF DEEP BRANCHES OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL A

A

OCCLUSION OF DEEP BRANCHES OF MCA
- Contralateral hemiplegia
- Sensory loss affecting face, hand, arm, leg

23
Q

State the effect of OCCLUSION OF POSTERIOR CEREBRAL A

A

OCCLUSION OF PCA
- Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
- Macular vision spared
- (Dominant hemisphere affected) Difficuly naming objects and inability to read
- (Near origin of PCA at midbrain) Ocular anomalies in gaze + CN III palsy

24
Q

State the arteries that supply blood to spinal cord

A
  1. anterior spinal A
  2. posterior spinal A
  3. segmental/radicular A
25
Label the main structures of the ear
26
State the cranial fossa that internal ear and middle ear lie in
internal ear - posterior cranial fossa (PCF) middle ear - middle cranial fossa (MCF)
27
State the fluid that fills the bony labyrinths
**perilymph** (clear extracellular-like fluid containing high Na+ and low K+)
28
**Inner ear** - consists of ____ ____ - Consists of 2 functional parts = - ____ (part 1) - dedicated to ____ - impulses passed on to brain via ____ N - ____ (part 2) - dedicated to ____ and ____ - impulses passed on to brain via ____ N
**Inner ear** - consists of **BONY LABYRINTH** - Consists of 2 functional parts = **COCHLEA** + **VESTIBULAR SYSTEM** - **COCHLEA** (part 1) - dedicated to **HEARING** - impulses passed on to brain via **AUDITORY (COCHLEAR)** N - **VESTIBULAR SYSTEM** (part 2) - dedicated to **BALANCE** and **POSTURE** - impulses passed on to brain via **VESTIBULAR** N
29
State the structures that make up the **vestibular apparatus**
1. vestibule (utricle + saccule) 2. semicircular canals
30
State the 3 chambers of the cochlea and name the fluid it contains
1. **scala vestibuli** - contains **perilymph** 2. **scala tympani** - contains **perilymph** 3. **scala media (cochlear duct)** - contains **endolymph**
31
Explain the pathway of sound transmission through the ear
1. Sound waves **collected by outer ear** 2. Channeled to the **tympanic membrane** 3. Transmitted along the **middle ear ossicles** 4. Causes **stapes** to **vibrate** the **oval window** 5. Sound waves converted into **perilymphatic pressure in scala vestibuli** 6. Transmitted **through the vestibular membranes** to the **basilar membrane** 7. **Organ of Corti** in cochlear duct which **sits on basilar membrane** is **set into motion**and **stimulated** 8. **Perilymphatic pressure** further spreads onto **scala tympani**and transmits **pressure to round window**
32
State the 2 auditory pathways and expand on their pathways
(1) Peripheral auditory pathway hair cells (organ of corti) --> cochlear Nc (cochlear G) --> brainstem (2) Central auditory pathway cochlear Nc --> superior olivary Nc --> inferior colliculi --> medial geniculate Nc (MGN) --> auditory cortex
33
State the 3 factors that are necessary for **maintaining balance**
BALANCE - at least 2 out of 3 1. proprioception 2. vestibular function 3. vision
34
**VESTIBULAR FUNCTION** - ***Saccule + Utricle*** - detects ____ --> ____ of head - ***____ semicircular canals*** - detects ____ --> ____ of head
**VESTIBULAR FUNCTION** - ***Saccule + Utricle*** - detects **LINEAR ACCELERATION** --> **POSITION** of head - ***3 semicircular canals*** - detects **ANGULAR ACCELERATION** --> **MOVEMENTS** of head
35
State the main function of the **VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)** and explain its mechanism of action
**VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX** - **Function** - to *stabilise the image in the retina during rotations of the head* - **Rotation of head detected** --> triggers **inhibitory signal** to the EOM on **one side** and **excitatory signal** to EOM on **other side** --> **compensatory movement** of eyes
36
State the **2 mechanoreceptors** of the **vestibular system**, their location and their functions
1. **otolithic organs** - **maculae** in saccule and utricle - detects ***linear acceleration*** - **position** of head 2. **cristae ampullaris** - **3 semicircular canals** - detects **angular acceleration** - **movement** of head
37
State the test used to assess balance
**ROMBERG'S TEST** - ask subject to stand erect with feet together and eyes closed and observe for 1 minute - positive sign = swaying +/- toppling
38
State the embyrological derivative of EXTERNAL EAR CANAL
EXTERNAL EAR CANAL - originates from **1st pharyngeal cleft**
39
Define **IMPEDANCE**
Impedance = resistance presented by a particular medium to the propagation of a sound wave - higher in a liquid medium (cochlear fluid) than air (external ear)
40
State the 3 aspects of the middle ear that helps IMPEDANCE MATCHING
IMPEDANCE MATCHING 1. TM to oval window ratio 2. lever action of ossicles (ossicular coupling - sound pressure amplified by 1.3x before entering the inner ear) 3. buckling action of TM
41
**CORNEA** - Transparency achieved by regular arrangement of layers of ____ - Regular arrangmenet preserved by maintaining a ____ level of ____ of the ____ (through ____ at the surface of the eye and ____ of water back to the ____ chamber by the ____ pump of the endothelium) - Any disruptions of the regular arrangmenet leads to loss of transparency
**CORNEA** - Transparency achieved by regular arrangement of layers of **COLLAGEN** - Regular arrangmenet preserved by maintaining a **CONSTANT** level of **HYDRATION** of the **CORNEA** (through **EVAPORATION** at the surface of the eye and **ACTIVE TRANSPORT** of water back to the **ANTERIOR** chamber by the **CARBONIC ANHYDRASE** pump of the endothelium) - Any disruptions of the regular arrangmenet leads to loss of transparency
42
**FOCUSING MECHANISM** - For far vision, the ____ muscle ____ bringing it ____ from the lens. ____ are pulled taut and the lens capsule is ____ and lens assumes a ____ shape. - For near vision, the ____ muscle must ____ bringing it ____ to the lens. ____ are relaxed and the natural elasticity of the lens lets it assume a ____ shape, giivng a greater ____ diameteer for more ____ power (____)
**FOCUSING MECHANISM** - For far vision, the **CILIARY** muscle **RELAXES** bringing it **FURTHER** from the lens. **ZONULES** are pulled taut and the lens capsule is **STRETCHED** and lens assumes a **FLATTENED** shape. - For near vision, the **CILIARY** muscle must **CONTRACT** bringing it **CLOSER** to the lens. **ZONULES** are relaxed and the natural elasticity of the lens lets it assume a **GLOBULAR** shape, giivng a greater **ANTEROPOSTERIOR** diameteer for more **REFRACTIVE** power (**ACCOMMODATION**)
43
State the near triad
1. accommodation 2. miosis 3. convergence
44
State the 3 common refractive errors
1. myopia (short sightedness) 2. hyperopia (far sightedness) 3. presbyopia
45
**MYOPIA** - Axial length ____ or refractive medium ____ - Light focussed ____ of retina - Correct with ____ lens
**MYOPIA** - Axial length **TOO LONG** or refractive medium **TOO STRONG** - Light focussed **IN FRONT** of retina - Correct with **DIVERGENT** lens
46
**HYPEROPIA** - Axial length ____ or refractive medium ____ - Light focussed ____ retina - ____ required even for distance vision - Correct with ____ lens
**HYPEROPIA** - Axial length **TOO SHORT** or refractive medium **TOO WEAK** - Light focussed **BEHIND** retina - **ACCOMMODATION** required even for distance vision - Correct with **CONVERGENT** lens
47
**PRESBYOPIA** - Similar to ____ but due to failure of ____ rather than a change in ____ - Presents with ____ - Corrected with ____
**PRESBYOPIA** - Similar to **HYPEROPIA** but due to failure of **ACCOMMODATION** rather than a change in **AXIAL LENGTH** - Presents with **INCREASING AGE** - Corrected with **CONVERGENT LENS**
48
**ASTIGMATISM** - Due to ____ surfaces having different ____ of curvature - Leads to ____ points of focus - COrrect with ____ lens
**ASTIGMATISM** - Due to **REFRACTIVE** surfaces having different **RADII** of curvature - Leads to **2** points of focus - COrrect with **CYLINDRICAL** lens
49
State the deficiency commonly associated with loss of night vision. Explain
vitamin A deficiency - loss of regeneration of retinal cells in retina
50
What is the result of macular oedema, submacular haemorrhage
loss of normal visual acuity BUT no blindness
51
State the cause of rod-cone dystrophies
defect in protein (opsin) component --> inability to detet light and eventual loss of visual activity if severe

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