Paediatrics Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Krajbich Principles
A
For amputation in children
1. Preserve length
2. Preserve important growth plates
3. Disarticulation rather than transosseous amputation whenever possible
4. Preserve knee joint whenever possible
5. Stabilise and normalise proximal portion of limb
6. Be prepared to deal with issues in addition to limb deficiency
2
Q
Sandifer syndrome
A
Paroxysms of head and neck causing torticollis
3
Q
Grisel’s syndrome
A
Acquired torticollis that involves subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) due to infection
4
Q
Duane syndrome
A
Disorder of ocular movement causing torticollis
5
Q
Klippel-Feil syndrome
A
Fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebrae causing short neck and torticollis
6
Q
Ferlel release
A
For torticollis, release SCM from mastoid
7
Q
Cavendish classification
A
Sprengel shoulder – clinical classification
1. No visible deformity
2. Prominence of superomedial angle near neck, no shoulder asymmetry
3. Shoulder asymmetry of 2-5 cm, deformity easily visible
4. Asymmetric shoulder elevation >5 cm, with or without neck webbing
8
Q
Rigault classification
A
Sprengel shoulder – radiological classification
1. Lower than T2 but above T4 transverse process
2. Between C5 and T2 transverse process
3. Above C5 transverse process
9
Q
Green procedure
A
Surgery for Sprengel, Muscle elevation
10
Q
Woodward procedure
A
Surgery for Sprengel, Clavicle Osteotomy
11
Q
Stickler syndrome
A
Congenital condition causing malformation of a connective tissue – collagen causing chondrolysis
12
Q
McMurray Osteotomy
A
Angulation displacement osteotomy femur
13
Q
Pirani score
A
For CTEV, midfoot and hindfoot score
14
Q
Turco view
A
Dorsiflexion lateral view in CTEV
15
Q
Kite’s angle
A
Talocalcaneal angle in CTEV,
Normal 20-40°,
CTEV <20°
16
Q
Steenbeck splint
A
Maintenance splint for CTEV
17
Q
DiMeglio technique
A
Daily physiotherapy and adhesive tapes
18
Q
McKay Procedure
A
Posteromedial Soft Tissue Release in CTEV
19
Q
Turco Procedure
A
Hockey Stick posteromedial incision for PMSTR in CTEV
20
Q
Cicinnati incision
A
Circumferential incision for PMSTR in CTEV
21
Q
Carrol incision
A
2 incisions for PMSTR in CTEV
22
Q
Dwyer Osteotomy
A
Lateral closing wedge calcaneal osteotomy in CTEV
23
Q
Dilwyn-Evans Procedure
A
Partial excision of calcaneocuboid osteotomy in CTEV
24
Q
Lichtblau’s Procedure
A
Calcaneocuboid excision arthroplasty
25
Paley classification
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Tibia
Type
Bone ends
Pseudoarthrosis
Previous Surgery
1
Atrophic
Mobile
No
2
Atrophic
Mobile
Yes
3
Broad
Stiff
+/-
26
Crawford classication
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Tibia
1. Non-Dysplastic – Anterolateral bowing with increased density and sclerosis of medullary canal.
2. Dysplastic – Anterolateral bowing with failure of tubularization
3. Dysplastic – Cystic changes
4. Dysplastic – Frank Pseudoarthrosis
27
Boyd and Anderson classification
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis Tibia
28
Williams Device
Telescopic Rod
29
Sheffield Rod
Telescopic Rod
30
Fassier Duval Rod
Telescopic Rod, aka Peter Williams Rod
31
Coleman classification
Congenital Vertical Talus
1. With calcaneocuboid dislocation
2. Without calcaneocuboid dislocation
32
Seimon procedure
Single stage approach for CVT
33
Dobb’s method
Treatment for congenital vertical talus.
Foot is stretched in plantar flexion and inversion.
34
Coleman Procedure
2- stage, 2- incision surgery for CVT
35
Cozen phenomenon
Greenstick fracture of proximal tibia causing genu valgum
36
Bowden’s chart
To see if genu valgum is pathological
37
Trueta hypothesis
Epiphyseal anemia causing LCPD, age wise difference
38
Caffey hypothesis
LCPD due to intra-epiphyseal compression of blood vessels
39
Caffey crescent sign
Subchondral fracture in LCPD
40
Gage sign
V-shape step defect in lateral part of physis
41
Modified Elizabethtown classification
LCPD
1. Sclerotic – A; B – with loss of height
2. Fragmentation – A – early, B- Late
3. Healing – A – Peripheral, B - >1/3rd Epiphysis
4. Healed
42
Waldenstrom Classification
LCPD
1. Initial Stage (increased radiodensity)
2. Fragmentation Stage
3. Re-Ossification Stage
4. Residual Stage
43
Catterall Classification
Amount of epiphysis involved in LCPD,
4 groups of 25% each
44
Salter-Thompson Classification
Crescent sign in LCPD
Class A - <1/2 of femoral head
Class B - >1/2 of femoral head
45
Herring Classification
Lateral Pillar Height in LCPD
1. Normal
2. >50%
3. <50%
46
Stulberg Classification
Femoral Head Shape in LCPD
47
Ludloff’s sign
In DDH, knee extended with hip flexed and abducted
48
Klisic test
In DDH, digital shoemaker’s line
49
Tonnis classification
In DDH, Position of epiphysis
50
Graf’s classification
In DDH, on USG
51
Kashiwagi classification
In DDH, acetabular rim on MRI
52
Villefranche classification
Ehler Danlos syndrome
53
Van Der Hoeve disease
Osteogenesis Imperfecta,
Aka Vrolik disease, Lobstein disease, Brittle Bone disease
54
Sillence classification
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Cole modification)
55
Shapiro classification
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
56
Embryotoxon
Arcus Juvenilis in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
57
Saturn Ring
White Sclera around cornea in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
58
Picture Frame vertebra
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
59
Trefoil Pelvis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
60
Saber Shin
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
61
Sofield-Millar Procedure
Multiple diaphyseal osteotomies for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
62
Ghent criteria
Marfan Syndrome
63
Walker Murdoch sign
Wrist sign in Marfan’s Syndrome
64
Steinberg sign
Thumb sign in Marfan’s Syndrome
65
Rhizomelic
Short limbs in achondroplasia
[Mesomelic – short mid segment
Acromelic – short distal segment]
66
Trident hands
Achondroplasia
67
Kniest syndrome
Truncal dwarfism with dumbbell shaped long bones and broad metaphysis
68
Hitchhiker thumb
Short 1st metacarpal in diastrophic dysplasia
69
Fairbank’s dysplasia
Severe multiple epiphyseal dysplasia,
Aka Trevor’s disease, Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica
[Mild – Ribbing’s dysplasia]
70
Hatchet-head appearance
Decreased sphericity of humeral head in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
71
Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome
Chondroectodermal dysplasia,
Generalized defect of maturation of endochondral ossification
72
Larsen syndrome
Filamin mutation,
Affects development of bone throughout body resulting in multiple joint problems
73
Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome
Craniocarpotarsal dystrophy,
Distal arthrogryposis whistling face
74
Escobar syndrome
Multiple Pterygia syndrome
75
Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
Progeria
76
Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome
Hallux varus, radial deviation of thumb, triangular proximal phalanx, broad toes, thumbs.
77
Streeter dysplasia
Congenital constriction band syndrome
78
Patterson classification
Congenital constriction band syndrome
79
Dripping wax appearance
Melorheostosis, DISH
80
Peabody classification
Paralysis of ankle, foot muscles in polio
1. Limited extensor invertor insufficiency
2. Gross extensor invertor insufficiency
3. Evertor insufficiency
4. Triceps surae insufficiency
81
Hoke arthrodesis
Triple arthrodesis
82
Girdlestone-Taylor procedure
Surgery for lateral claw toe
83
Jones procedure
Surgery for claw toe secondary to ankle dorsiflexor weakness
84
Hibbs technique
EDL transfer to middle cuneiform in forefoot equinus
85
Japas procedure
“V” osteotomy of tarsus in midfoot cavus
86
Dwyer’s osteotomy
Calcaneal osteotomy to correct varus and calcaneus of hindfoot
87
Stewart technique
Z-plasty of tendoachilles
88
White and Hauser method
Tendoachilles lengthening at insertion (White – 2x, hauser – 3x)
89
Campbell procedure
Posterior bone block for equinus
90
Barr and Blount procedure
Tibialis posterior transfer in immature skeleton equinovarus
91
Steindler release
Plantar fascia release in cavovarus deformity
92
Lambrinudi procedure
Talocalcaneal wedge osteotomy for equinus
93
Grice-Green procedure
Subtalar arthrodesis in equinovalgus
94
Ashworth scale
Assessment of hypertonia in Cerebral Palsy
95
Strayer procedure
Release of Zone 1 musculotendinous junction of tendoachilles
96
Baumann procedure
Zone 1 muscular release
97
Vulpius release
Tendoachiles Zone 2 release (aka Baker)
98
Maxpage procedure
Flexor Origin Slide
99
Aitken Classification
Proximal Femur Focal Deficiency
1. Short femur with Coxa Vara (occasionally subtrochanteric pseudoarthrosis)
2. No connection between head and body
3. Absent femoral head, Severe acetabular dysplasia
4. Complete absence of acetabulum and proximal femur
100
Gillespie and Torode classification
Proximal Femur Focal Deficiency
1. Femur 40-60% of normal length, Coxa Vara and lateral bowing of shaft
2. Femur very short, head and neck maybe absent, shaft may be deficient
101
Van Nees procedure
Rotationplasty
102
Steel procedure
Distal femur to ilium fusion for PFFD
103
Brown’s rotationplasty
Distal femur rotated 180° and fused to ilium for PFFD
104
Fairbank’s triangle
Inferior part of growth plate is bigger in coxa vara
105
Schmidt type
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
106
Pylkkannen theory
Poor ossification due to stress and increase neck shaft angle in coxa vara
107
Squinting patella
Seen in femoral anteversion,
Sits in “W” position
108
Frog eye patella
Seen in femoral retroversion,
Sits in Buddha position.
109
Drennan angle
Metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle,
Aka Levine angle,
Normal <11°
110
Langenskiold classification
Blount’s disease
1. Metaphyseal beaking
2. Saucer shaped defect of metaphysis
3. Metaphyseal step
4. Epiphysis bent over medial beak
5. Double epiphysis
6. Medial Physeal bony bar
111
Jones classification
Tibial hemimelia
1. No visible tibia
2. Distal tibia deficiency
3. Proximal tibia deficiency
4. Shortened tibia with distal tibia-fibula diastasis
112
McConnell taping
For Patellar dislocation
113
Blauth and Borisch classification
Cleft foot
114
Berg classification
Metatarsus Adductus
115
Berman and Gartland classification
Multiple metatarsal osteotomies for skew foot
116
Loder classification
SCFE – stable/unstable
117
Trethowan sign
Failure of Klein’s line to intersect femoral head
118
Blanch sign of steel
SCFE,
Increased density in proximal femoral neck
119
Herndon Hump
SCFE,
Rounded superior portion of femoral neck
120
Wilson method
SCFE grading
121
Southwick method
SCFE,
Slip angle
122
Fish and Dunn Osteotomy
SCFE
123
Mallet system
Birth related Brachial Plexus Palsy
124
Clarke’s transfer
Pectoralis major,
Transfer for elbow flexion
125
Steindler transfer
Making elbow flexor origin more proximal
126
Holt Oram syndrome
Radial club hand with cardiac malformation
127
Bayne classification
Radial clubhand
128
Blauth classification
Thumb hypoplasia in radial clubhand
129
Evans flap
To avoid skin buckling on ulnar aspect in centralization of carpus over 3rd metacarpal in radial clubhand
130
Carter and Ezaki protocol
For obtaining PA view of forearm for patients with Madelung’s deformity
131
Wassel classification
Polydactyly
132
Camptodactyly
Flexion contracture and deformity of a finger
133
Clinodactyly
Abnormal angular deformity of a digit (>10°) in radio-ulnar plane
134
Plumb line test
To detect tibial torsion,
From tibial tuberosity and centre of patella – 1st web space
135
Davis law
Ligaments and soft tissues in loose/lax state will gradually shorten
136
Wheaton’s brace
KAFO in CTEV
137
Kessler brace
Flexible connecting bar for CTEV brace
138
Dobb’s dynamic brace
Allows independent movement of legs for CTEV brace
