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My Orthopaedic Collection > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Krackow Maneuver

A

Pulling skin before applying the tourniquet

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2
Q

Bruner’s rules

A

Safe practices of tourniquet application

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3
Q

Braithwaite and Klenerman modification

A

Modification of Bruner’s rules for safe application of tourniquet

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4
Q

Runner’s knee

A

ITB syndrome

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5
Q

Ober’s test

A

For ITB tightness

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6
Q

Noble’s test

A

Provocative test for ITB.
Supine -> pressure of Lateral Femoral Condyle -> flex knee

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7
Q

Renne’s test

A

Provocative test for ITB.
Standing -> pressure of Lateral Femoral Condyle -> flex knee by bending down

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8
Q

Yount’s procedure

A

ITB suprapatellar excision

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9
Q

Sharrard procedure

A

Iliopsoas transfer to GT in ITB contracture and gluteal paralysis

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10
Q

Soutter’s release

A

TFL slide in ITB contracture

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11
Q

Egger’s release

A

Hamstring lengthening and transfer in ITB contracture

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12
Q

Splendore Hoeplii reaction

A

In Madura mycosis
Homogenous eosinophilic material coating the grains in colonies on MacConkey agar

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13
Q

Melting Snow appearance

A

Xray appearance of Madura Mycosis

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14
Q

Dot in circle sign

A

CT scan appearance of madura myscosis

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15
Q

Welsh regimen

A

Amikacin + Cotrimoxazole
For Madura Mycosis

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16
Q

Palit 2-step regimen

A

IP – Amikacin + Cotrimoxazole (4 weeks)
MP – Cotrimoxazole + Doxycycline (8 months)
For Madura Mycosis

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17
Q

Ramam 2-step regimen

A

IP – Penicillin + Gentamicin + Cotrimoxazole (7 weeks)
MP – Amoxicillin + Cotrimoxazole (5 months)
For Madura Mycosis

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18
Q

Moth- Eaten appearance

A

Xray osteolytic lesions of bone mets

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19
Q

Ficall method

A

BMAC preparation

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20
Q

Ossification groove of Ranvier

A

Contributes chondrocytes for growth in diameter of physis

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21
Q

Urist Triphasic Hypothesis

A

For bone Mineralization
Soluble calcium protein -> Soluble calcium phosphate -> metastable supersaturated state

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22
Q

Glimcher hypothesis

A

Stereochemical disposition of collagen during mineralization

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23
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Every change in form and function of bones is followed by changes in the internal architecture and external confirmation

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24
Q

Frost stages

A

Stages of fracture repair
(hematoma, granulation tissue, callus, remodelling, modelling)

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25
Q

Hueter-Volkman law

A

Excess compression leads to tissue atrophy and inhibits physeal growth,
Moderate distraction enhances osteogenesis.
Seen in congenital scoliosis and Blount’s disease.

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26
Q

Carter and Blenman theory

A

Type of bone healing depends on vascular supply and Strain

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27
Q

Riggs and Melton classification

A

Primary (Post-Menopausal) and Secondary (Senile) Osteoporosis

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28
Q

Curtiss and Kincaid Neurogenic Compression Theory

A

Vascular/ Venous obstruction and local hyperemia in transient osteoporosis

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29
Q

Albers-Schonberg disease

A

Osteopetrosis, Marble bone disease

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30
Q

Umbau Zones

A

Looser’s zones in Rickets

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31
Q

Stoss therapy

A

3-6 lakh I.U. Vitamin D over 1 day

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32
Q

Pebble Ivory skin lesions

A

Whitish skin lesions in Hunter Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses type 2)

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33
Q

Peltola and Vahvanen criteria

A

For Acute Osteomyelitis
1. Purulent material on aspiration of bone
2. Positive findings of bone tissue or blood culture
3. Localised classic physical findings
a. Bony tenderness
b. Overlying soft tissue erythema, edema
4. Positive radiological findings

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34
Q

Morrey and Peterson criteria

A

For acute osteomyelitis likelihood
A. Major –
1. Pus aspirated from the joint
2. Marked elevation of ESR
3. Specific radiographic changes of involved site
B. Minor –
1. Fever greater than 38.3 C
2. Pain (localized to the joint) made worse by gentle passive motion
3. Swelling of the involved joint
4. Systemic symptoms of lethargy, malaise, irritability.
5. No other demonstrable pathology
6. Satisfactory response to antibiotic therapy

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35
Q

Gledhill classification

A

For subacute osteomyelitis classification
1. Solitary localized zone of radiolucency surrounded by reactive new bone formation
2. Metaphyseal radiolucencies with cortical erosion
3. Cortical hyperostosis in diaphysis; No onion skin reaction
4. Subperiosteal new bone and onion skin layering
5. Epiphyseal
6. Crosses physis to cover both Epiphysis and Metaphysis

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36
Q

Robert Classification

A

For subacute classification
Aka Denhill classification

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37
Q

Serpentine lesion of Letts

A

In subacute osteomyelitis,
Communicating metaphyseo-diaphyseal lesion.

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38
Q

Lew and Waldvogel classification

A

Osteomyelitis
1. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
2. Contiguous Osteomyelitis
a. Accompanied by systemic vascular disease
b. Not accompanied by systemic vascular disease
3. Chronic Osteomyelitis

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39
Q

Cierny and Mader classication

A

Osteomyleitis
1. Medullary
2. Superficial
3. Localised
4. Diffuse

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40
Q

Wilenski classification

A

Site of osteomyelitis depends on site of occlusion of blood vessel by septic embolus

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41
Q

Hobo’s hypothesis

A

Poor phagocytic activity at diaphysis in chronic osteomyelitis

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42
Q

Starr from Toronto theory

A

Metaphyseal abscess in osteomyelitis

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43
Q

Trueta hypothesis

A

Correlation of pathology and clinical features in osteomyelitis

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44
Q

Walenkamp phenomenon

A

In Chronic Osteomyelitis,
Pain gradually increases over time and suddenly relaxes with opening up of sinus and pus discharge

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45
Q

Nade’s Principles

A

For treatment of acute osteomyelitis
1. Antibiotic is effective before the pus forms
2. Antibiotic cannot sterilize avascular tissue
3. Antibiotic prevents reformation of pus once removed
4. Pus removal restores periosteum and blood flow
5. Antibiotic should be continued after after surgery

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46
Q

Tunis protocol

A

Treatment of osteomyelitis based on ultrasound

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47
Q

Klemm’s triad

A

For salvageable limb
Virulence of organism, condition of soft tissue envelop, vitality of bone

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48
Q

Weber and Lautenbach method

A

For closed cavity
Double lumen tube for irrigation and antibiotic delivery in osteomyelitis

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49
Q

Rhinelander and Papineau technique

A

Open bone grafting of vascularized bone bed defect

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50
Q

Wagner fixator

A

Monorail

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51
Q

Huntington’s procedure

A

Tibialization of fibula

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52
Q

Target sign

A

Brodie’s abscess

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53
Q

Penumbra sign

A

Brodie’s abscess

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54
Q

Honeycombed appearance

A

Radiology of actinomycosis

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55
Q

Godfrey disease

A

Maduramycosis
Aka Syre’s disease

56
Q

Skip metastasis

A

Tumour that breaks through pseudocapsule but remains in the compartment

57
Q

Satellite nodules

A

Form within the pseudocapsule separated from main mass by intervening normal tissue of pseudocapsule.

58
Q

Lodwick classification

A

For lytic lesions
1. Geographic
2. Moth-eaten
3. Permeative

59
Q

Corduroy appearance

A

Haemangioma of vertebral body

60
Q

Fallen fragment sign

A

Simple bone cyst

61
Q

Cockade sign

A

Intraosseous lipoma in calcaneus

62
Q

Huvos system

A

Chemotherapy therapeutic response

63
Q

Bragg peak

A

Improve radiobiological effect by sparing normal tissue

64
Q

Spot-scanning

A

Allowing use of more intense radiation without increasing the toxicity to patient

65
Q

IMRT

A

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Refinement of 3D-CRT with specified dose-volume constraint

66
Q

Hematinic cyst

A

Aneurysmal bone cyst

67
Q

Capanna classification

A

Aneurysmal bone cyst
1. Central
2. Central affecting the entire bone diameter
3. Eccentric
4. Subperiosteal
5. Subperiosteal extending to soft parts

68
Q

Gardener’s syndrome

A

Multiple Osteomas

69
Q

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

TP53 mutation,
a/w Osteosarcomas

70
Q

Rothmund- Thomsun Syndrome

A

Poikiloderma a/w osteosarcoma

71
Q

Bloom Syndrome

A

DNA helicase mutation a/w Osteosarcoma

72
Q

Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

A

a/w Osteosarcoma

73
Q

Phenomenon of “Normalization”

A

Osteoblasts becoming smaller and less pleomorphic as they get incorporated into osteoid in osteosarcoma

74
Q

Filigreed pattern

A

Thin, highly mineralised pattern suggestive of neoplastic osteoid in osteosarcoma

75
Q

Basketweave pattern

A

Tendency of Osteosarcoma to grow around vessels (angiocentric)

76
Q

Nora’s lesion

A

Periosteal osteochondromatous proliferation

77
Q

Ollier’s disease

A

Unilateral enchondromatous, PTH – related

78
Q

Maffucci syndrome

A

Enchondromas a/w Haemangioma

79
Q

Codman tumour

A

Chondroblastoma

80
Q

Chicken-wire pattern

A

Pattern of calcium deposition in chondroblastoma

81
Q

Flame shaped lesion

A

Lytic lesion in chondromyxoid fibroma, Paget’s disease

82
Q

Bubbly transformation

A

Myxoid degeneration in chondrosarcoma

83
Q

Mayo clinic and WHO grading

A

Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma

84
Q

MD Anderson grading

A

Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma

85
Q

Herring bone pattern

A

Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma

86
Q

Campanacci grading

87
Q

Collision tumour

A

Dedifferentiated GCT juxtaposition with high grade sarcoma

88
Q

Jaffe – Campanacci syndrome

A

Non-ossifying fibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) associated with café-au-lait spots.

89
Q

Kahler’s disease

A

Multiple Myeloma

90
Q

Cartwheel pattern

A

Eccentric nuclei and characteristic peripherally clustered and chromatin in myeloma cell

91
Q

Mott cell

A

Intracytoplasmic aggregation of immunoglobulins in myeloma cell

92
Q

Russell body

A

Extracellular globule of polymerized immunoglobulin in myeloma cell

93
Q

International Myeloma Working Group

A

Staging of myeloma

94
Q

Askin tumour

A

Ewing’s sarcoma of chest wall

95
Q

Jaffe-Lichenstein syndrome

A

Fibrous dysplasia

96
Q

Shepherd-Crook deformity

A

Fibrous dysplasia affecting proximal femur

97
Q

Campanacci disease

A

Osteofibrous dysplasia

98
Q

Physaliferous cells

A

Vacuolated cytoplasm in chordoma

99
Q

Weibel-Palade bodies

A

In endothelial cell of skeletal angiomatosis

100
Q

Gorham syndrome

A

Massive osteolysis

101
Q

Heffez criteria

A

Gorham syndrome (massive osteolysis)
1. Positive biopsy for angiomatous tissue
2. Absence of cellular atypia
3. Minimal or no osteoclastic response and absence of dystrophic calcifications
4. Evidence of local bone progressive resorption
5. Non-expansive lesion
6. Absence of visceral involvement
7. Osteolytic radiographic pattern
8. Negative hereditary, metabolic, neoplastic, immune or infectious etiology.

102
Q

Sucked Candy appearance

A

X-ray appearance in massive osteolysis

103
Q

Deer antler pattern

A

Branching of vessels in hemangiopericytoma

104
Q

Tokuhashi score

A

Prognostic score in spinal mets

105
Q

Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini staging

A

Anatomical classification of spinal tumours

106
Q

Checkerboard pattern

A

Proliferative Proliferative myositis growing between muscle fibres

107
Q

Ledderhose disease

A

Plantar fibromatosis

108
Q

Bednar tumour

A

Pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans

109
Q

Schmidt and Hackenbroch classification

A

Heterotopic ossification
1. HO below tip of GT
2. HO below and above tip of GT
3. HO above tip of GT
a. <10 mm maximal extent
b. >10 mm without contact between femur and pelvis
c. Ankylosis between pelvis and femur

110
Q

Munchmeyer’s disease

A

Myositis (fibrodysplasia) Ossificans progressiva

111
Q

Chandler’s disease

112
Q

Ahlback disease

A

Osteonecrosis of distal femur

113
Q

Koshino and Aglietti Staging

A

Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of knee
1. Normal appearance
2. Radiolucent oval shadow medial femoral condyle with flattening
3. Collapse of subchondral bone with formation of calcified plate and a clear sclerotic halo.
4. Osteoarthritic changes

114
Q

Stahl lunate index

A

Length:Diameter of lunate
Normal 0.5

115
Q

Youm’s index

A

Carpal height: Length of 3rd metacarpal
Normal 0.5

116
Q

Bouman’s index

A

Capitate height: Carpal height
Normal 0.6

117
Q

Stahl-Lichtman classification

A

Kienbock’s disease
1. Normal radiograph
2. Lunate sclerosis without collapse
3. Lunate fragmentation and collapse
a. Without carpal collapse
b. With carpal collapse
4. Degenerative changes

118
Q

Saffar technique

A

Lunate is replaced by pisiform

119
Q

Preiser’s disease

A

AVN of scaphoid

120
Q

Herbert and Lanzetta classification

A

Preiser’s disease
1. Normal radiograph
2. Increased density of proximal pole of scaphoid
3. Fragmentation of proximal pole of scaphoid
4. Carpal collapse with osteoarthritis

121
Q

Monde-Felix disease

A

Osteochondrosis of lesser trochanter

122
Q

Froelich disease

A

Osteochondrosis of elbow medial condyle

123
Q

Iselin disease

A

Osteochondrosis of 5th metatarsal

124
Q

Panner disease

A

Osteochondrosis of capitellum

125
Q

Freiberg’s disease

A

Osteochondrosis of 2nd metatarsal

126
Q

Sinding-Larsen-Johannson disease

A

Patella osteochondrosis
Jumper’s knee

127
Q

Sever disease

A

Calcaneal apophysitis

128
Q

Scheuerman’s disease

A

Osteochondrosis of vertebral epiphysis

129
Q

Kohler disease

A

Navicular Osteochondrosis

130
Q

Eichenholtz staging

A

Charcot’s joint

131
Q

Yochum and Rowe’s criteria

A

Charcot’s joints 6D’s
1. Dense bones
2. Degeneration
3. Destruction of articular cartilage
4. Deformity (pencil-point deformity of metatarsal heads)
5. Debris (loose bodies)
6. Dislocation

132
Q

Hunka classification

A

Hip arthritis septic in infants
1. Minimal femoral head changes
2. Femoral head deformity
a. With normal growth plate
b. With growth arrest
3. Pseudoarthrosis of femoral neck

133
Q

Harmon procedure

A

Neck reconstruction post septic arthritis in infants

134
Q

Poncet’s disease

A

Reactive arthritis in TB

135
Q

Babcock triangle

A

Initial lesion in TB hip

My Orthopaedic Collection (2 decks)

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