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paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

partial seizures at night time

A

benign Rolandic epilepsy

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2
Q

prolonged seizures with autonomic symptoms such as nausea and retching

A

panayiotopoulos syndrome

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3
Q

epilepsy with visual hallucinations

A

idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy of gastaut

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4
Q

feelings of dread or terror during REM sleep

A

night terror

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5
Q

signs of fecal impaction ?
first line in children ?
maintainence ?

A

constipation symptoms with overflow( more frequent with small stools)
movicol( macrogol)
osmotic or stimulant laxatives

do not use dietary advise as first line management

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6
Q

fever , coarse rash- red, pin head - spares palms nd soles, blanching, bright red tongue ( strawberry tongue),
diagnosis :
causative organism :
tx:

A

scarlet fever
Group A haemolytic streptococci
10days phenoxymethyl penicillin
if allergic then azithromycin

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7
Q

fever, rash, bilateral conjunctivitis, strawberry tongue, erythema, oedema and skin peeling

A

vasculitis symptoms - Kawasaki disease

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8
Q

diffuse erthematous facial rash, either one or both sides,
maculopapular rash spreading to rest of body days after facial rash

A

parvo virus b19

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9
Q

maculopapular rash starting behind the ear, spreading to face, neck and trunk

A

rubella

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10
Q

fever, skin rash, confusion, vomiitng or diarrhoea ?life threatening

A

staph toxic shock syndrome

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11
Q

peripheral cyanosis in a new born , healthy with no other complaints in the first 24h

A

acrocyanosis

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12
Q

congenital cyanotic heart disease

A

TOF
transposition of great vessels
truncus arteriosis
tricuspid valve abnormalities
total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

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13
Q

management of cyanotic heart disease

A

symptomatic with oxygen
prostaglandin E1 ( alprostadil)- to keep the PDA patent until surgical fixation needed

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14
Q

itchy erythematous rash with poorly defined margins in a otherwise healthy child ?

A

atopic eczema

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15
Q

overgrowth of tissue during the healing process of umbilicus, wet with small amounts of leak of clear/yellow fluid

A

umbilical granuloma

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16
Q

umbilical cellulitis aka

A

omphalitis

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17
Q

anterior abdominal wall defect causing abdominal contents to protrude out

A

gastroschisis

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18
Q

leaking small bowl contents via umbilicus

A

persistent vitello-intestinal duct
more common is persistence of a part for the duct - Meckels diverticulum

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19
Q

most common cardiac defect in downs syndrome

A

AV septal defect

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19
Q

inheritance pattern Cystic fibrosis

test to confirm ?

A

autosomal recessive disorder
chromosome 7
sweat chloride test, heel prick test
usually tested on day 6 using Guthrie card test

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20
Q

GERD management

A

1) trial of thickened formula ( only for bottle fed infants)
2) trial of alginate therapy ( gavsicon)
3) trial of PPI

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21
Q

abnormal genotype by normal phenotype

A

low/incomplete penetrance

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22
Q

severity of particular genotype presenting phenotype

A

penetrance

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23
Q

fever followed by rose pink macular rash ?
caused by ?

A

roseola infant
HHV6

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24
Q

nagayama spots

A

papular enanthem on the uvula and soft palate seen in roseola infant

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25
Q

BLS for children with no signs of breathing

A

start with 5 rescue breath and then go for chest compressions
respiratory compromise more common than cardiac

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26
Q

aortic stenosis in children

A

William syndrome
turners syndrome
coarctation of aorta

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27
Q

small up turned nose, long philtres, wide mouth , full lips, small chin, puffiness around eyes, supravalvular aortic stenosis

A

William syndrome

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28
Q

first line management of migraine in paediatrics

A

ibuprofen

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29
Q

management of nocturnal eneuresis

A

1.rewarding
2. enuresis alarm
3. desmopressin ( short term control - if enuresis alarm doesn’t work)

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30
Q

pain worse by the end of the day, growing child, remarkable physical and systemic examination, normal mile stones

A

growing pain

31
Q

older children, adolescents - involved in sport activities, separation of cartilage and subchondral bone, joint pain, swelling especially ankles, knees

A

osteochondritis dissecans

32
Q

precocious puberty
1. bilateral enlarged testes
2. unilateral enlarged testis
3. small testes

A
  1. GnRH releasing intracranial tumours
  2. gonadal tumours
  3. adrenal cause
33
Q

first stage development of
1. breast
2, pubic hair

A

1.THELARCHE
2.ADRENARCHE

34
Q

Treatment for meningitis in children
1.<3 months
2.>3 months
3. antibiotic prophylaxis for contacts

A
  1. IV cefotaxime and Iv amoxicillin
  2. IV cefotaxime
  3. ciprofloxacin
35
Q

auditory testing in children
1. newborns
2.<1y
3. <2.5y
4.>3y

A
  1. otoacoustic emission test / Auditory brainstem response test - if OE test abnormal
  2. distraction test
    3.recognition of familiar objects, performance , speech discrimination
  3. puretone audiometry
36
Q

neonatal blood spot screening test

A

congenital hypothyroidism
phenylketonuria
CF
SCD
maple syrup urine disease
isovaleric acidemia
glutamic acuduria type 1
homocysteinuria
medium chain coa deficiency

37
Q

screening for DDH

A

US hip
if >4.5 months then can suggest Xray hip

38
Q

fromula fed , regurgitation, diarrhoea, colic symptoms, wheeze , rarely anaphylactic symptoms
diagnosis :
management

A

Cow milk protein intolerance( non IgE mediated)- allergy( IgE mediated)
ix: skin prick/patch testing, IgE and specific RAST ab
mx: extensive hydrolysed formula feed, avoid cowlick in maternal diet, calcium supplementation as avoiding diary

39
Q

meningitis B vaccine schedule

A

2,4,12 months

40
Q

subclavicular thrill, machine like murmur, bounding collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, heaving apex beat
diagnosis :
tx:

A

Patent ductus arteries

tx by Indomethacin or ibuprofen

prostaglandin E1( alprostadil) - used to keep the duct open if surgery for congenital heart conditions is indicated

41
Q

fever, cough, abdominal pain, ulcer on mouth followed by rash affecting hands, feet, buttocks, genitals and legs
diagnosis :
caused by :
management :

A

hand foot mouth disease
picornaviridae family viruses( coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71)
symptomatic
kids to stay off school until they feel better

42
Q

trinucleotide repeat disorders usually exhibit ???
examples:

A

genetic anticipation

Fragile X
huntingtons
myotonic dystrophy
friedrichs ataxia
spinocerebellar ataxia
spinobulbar muscular atrophy
dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy

43
Q

umbilical hernia management

A

<3yrs- reassurance as spontaenously resolve
if permits >3y- refer to paediatric surgeon

44
Q

delayed puberty secondary to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism- absence or impaired sense of smell

A

kallmans syndrome

45
Q

causes of snoring in children

A

downs syndrome
tonsillitis
obesity
nasal problems
hypothyroidism

46
Q

autosomal recessive conditions are usually metabolic causes exceptions :
autosomal dominant conditions are usually structural exceptions:

A

Inherited ataxia

gilberts syndrome, hyperlipidemia type2

47
Q

DDH risk factors

A

female sex
oligohydramnios
large baby
breech presentation
positive family history
first born

48
Q

white reflex in children
causes:
chromosome :
management :

A

retinoblastoma
autosomal dominant chromosome 13, loss of function of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor genes
-enucleation is the only option / external bean radiotherapy, chemo and photocoagulation

49
Q

acute exacerbation of asthma management in children

A

SABA
- all children should receive PO steroids for 3 days and can extend depending on severity

50
Q

management of croup

A

PO dexamethasone single dose

51
Q

semitranslucent adhesions to the labia minor, causing recurrent UTIs, aged 3months-3years

A

Labial adhesions ( caused due to low oestrogen and resolved by puberty)
Tx: can be managed conservatively ,but if causing recurrent Uti, can suggest estrogen creams

52
Q

small grey or brown spots seen on the periphery of iris- associated with downs syndrome

A

brush field spots

53
Q

congenital defect as a gap in iris , lens or retina, associated with patau syndrome

A

coloboma

54
Q

first line management of whooping cough

A

azithromycin or clarithromycin

55
Q

SIDS risk factors

A

hyperthermia
sharing bed
parental smoking
prone position sleeping
prematurity

56
Q

measles vaccine

A

12-15 months
3-4 years

if given at a later time, two doses in 3 month interval time

57
Q

raised INR in exclusively breast fed babies- cause

A

hemorrhagic disease of new born - due to Vit K deficiency from exclusive breast feeding

All new borns receive Vit K injection

58
Q

shaken baby syndrome triad

A

retinal haemorrhages, subdural hematoma, encephalopathy

59
Q

whooping cough
caused by ?
immunisation schedule ?
diagnostic criteria :
management :
school exclusion :
pregnant women schedule :

A

bordetella peruses
2,3,4 months and 3-5 years

paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, post tussle vomiting, undiagnosed apneic attacks

azi, clari or erythromycin

48h after commencing antibiotics

16-32 weeks

60
Q

meningococcal septicaemia treatment dose

<1y
1-10years
>10y

A

IV benzylpenicillin

300mg
600mg
1200mg

61
Q

most common cyanotic heart disease at birth ?
most common overall

A

transposition of great vessels
overall - TOF

62
Q

most common acyanotic heart disease?

A

VSD

63
Q

non blanching rash, recently unwell, no fever

A

ITP

64
Q

microangiopathic haemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury and thrombocytopenia
bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain and exposure to animals

A

HUS

65
Q

non blanching rash on legs and buttocks, arthralgia and abdominal pain

A

HSP

66
Q

causative organism for epiglottitis

A

haemophilus influenza type-b

67
Q

common cause of glomerulonephritis in children

A

minimal change disease
respond well to steroids

other features include - hyperlipidemia, hyper coagulable state( loss on antithrombin), infections ( loss of immunoglobulins)

68
Q

precocious puberty age?

A

before 8 in girls and before 9 in boys

69
Q

first line for pneumonia in children

A

amoxicillin

70
Q

TOF features

A

VSD
right ventricular hyoertrophy
pulmonary stenosis
overriding of aorta

71
Q

diff between caput succadeneum and cephalhematoma

A

swelling at the vertex and normally crosses the midline and is present immediately after birth

swelling in parietal region, doesn’t cross the midline and is present several hours after birth

72
Q

causes of hypertension in children

A

renal parenchymal disease
renal vascular disease
coarctation of aorta
phaochromocytoma
CAH
essential HTN

73
Q

bartters syndrome

A

AR
severe hypokalaemia due to loss in loop of henle
normotensive
polyuria

74
Q
A

MSRA (2 decks)

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