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Year 5 > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between croup and bronchiolitis?

A

Croup is an URTI caused by parainfluenza virus most commonly. Affects children between 6months and 2 years. Increased WoB, barking cough, hoarse voice

Bronchiolitis is inflammation and infection of the bronchioles, causes by RSV. Most common in children under 6 months. Coryzal symptoms, wheeze and crackles on auscultation

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2
Q

What is Tourette’s syndrome?

A

The development of tics that are persistent for over a year. Associated with OCD and ADHD

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3
Q

What is a tic?

A

An involuntary movement or sound that the child repeated performs

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4
Q

What is a premonitory sensation?

A

When people with tics feel an overwhelming urge to complete the tic and will do it several times to get relief from the urge

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5
Q

What is a conduct disorder?

A

Antisocial behaviour characterised by 4 behavioural symptoms - Aggression, destructive, deceitfulness and violation of rules or age appropriate norm

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6
Q

What are the core symptoms of ADHD?

A

Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour

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7
Q

What virus is responsible for a viral induced wheeze?

A

RSV or rhinovirus

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8
Q

What age group does viral induced wheeze affect and how may they present?

A

Under 3 years
- No hx of atopy and only occurs during a viral infection
Wheeze (expiratory)
Fever, cough, coryzal symptoms preceding wheeze by 1-2 d

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9
Q

Who gets croup?

A

6 months - 2 years
URTI causing oedema of the larynx
Usually caused by parainfluenza virus

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10
Q

How does Croup present?

A

Barking cough, low grade fever, inspiratory stridor, hoarse voice, increased WoB

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11
Q

What vaccines are LIVE?

A

BCG, MMR, rotavirus, influenza, oral polio

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12
Q

What causes bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

Common in under 6 months

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13
Q

What are the signs of respiratory distress?

A 
Increased RR
Intercostals and subcostal recession
Use of accessory muscles
Head bobbling
Grunting
Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
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14
Q

When might you admit a baby with bronchiolitis?

A

50-75% or less of their normal intake of milk
Under 3 months
Pre-exisiting conditions - CF, Down syndrome, premature
RR >70, O2 <92%
Moderate to severe respiratory distress
Clinical dehydration

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15
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

A life threatening emergency where there is inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis due to heamophilius influenza type B

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16
Q

Who do you need to have a high suspicion of epiglotitis in?

A

Unvaccinated children

Fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, sitting forward (tripoding) drooling

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17
Q

What bacterium causes pertussis / whopping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

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18
Q

What are some possible signs of child abuse?

A

Change in behaviour or extreme emotional states
Dissociative disorder
Bullying, self harm or suicidal behaviour
Unusually sexualised behaviour
Unusual behaviour during examination
Poor hygiene
Poor physical and. emotional development
Missing appointments or not complying with treatment

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19
Q

What is in the Frazer guidelines?

A

They are mature and intelligent enough to understand treatment
They cannot be persuaded to discuss it with their parents or let a HCP discuss it with parents
They are likely to have sex regardless of the treatment
Their physical or mental health is likely to suffer without treatment
Treatment is in their best interests

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20
Q

A mother automatically has parental rights from birth, what 2 circumstances allow the father to have parental rights?

A

They are named as the father on the birth certificate

They are married to the mother

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21
Q

What advice can you give parents to avoid SIDS?

A

Put the baby to sleep on their backs
Put them in a cot with a fitted sheet and without toys or blankets
Maintain a comfortable room temperature (keep away from windows)
Avoid smoking and handling the baby after smoking
Avoid co-sleeping
Sleep in the same room

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22
Q

What are the important questions to consider when thinking about NAI?

A

Does the injury fit with the history?

Does history fit with the developmental stage of the child?

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23
Q

What are the 3 common ways someone may become iron deficient because of?

A
  1. Insufficient dietary intake
  2. Loss of Iron - Menorrhoea, bleeding
  3. Malabsorption - coeliac, crohns
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24
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

Stomach acid is needed to keep it in the soluble form (ferrous)

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25
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileus

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26
Q

What blood results would you get in B12 deficiency anaemia?

A

Macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia
Increased LDH, homocysteine and Fe
Hyper-segmented neutrophils

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27
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Proximal jejunum

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28
Q

In folate deficient anaemia why should you never give folic acid on its own?

A

If there is also B12 deficiency it can precipitate subacute and combined degeneration of the spinal cord

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29
Q

What is classed as a fever in children?

A

Temp >38

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30
Q

What symptoms may a patient presenting with VWD (AD) have?

A 
Easy, prolonged or heavy bleeding
Menorrhagia
Haemarthrosis
Bleeding gums
Epitaxis
Heavy bleeding during surgery or dentist
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31
Q

What is a neutropenic fever?

A

A single oral temperature of >=38.3 or a temperature of >38 sustained for >= 1 hour in a neutropenic patient

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32
Q

What is the most common leukaemia in adults?

A

AML (acute myeloblastic)
>=20% blast cells in bone marrow
Auer rods in cytoplasm
Sx of bm failure (anaemia, thrombocytopenia) and increased blast cells in bm (organomegaly)

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33
Q

What is the most common blood childhood cancer?

A

ALL (acute lymphoblastic)

Associated with Down syndrome

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34
Q

What symptoms may be present in patients with acute leukaemia?

A

Symptoms of increased blasts in the bm - organomegaly
Symptoms of bone marrow failure - infections, bleeding and bruising, anaemia sx
ALL - limping child

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35
Q

What are the core features of Myeloma?

A 
CRAB
Raised Ca
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone pain/lesions
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36
Q

In a patient with Myeloma, what would you see on peripheral blood film?

A

Rouleaux (stacked RBC)

Also seen in chronic inflammation and paraproteineamia

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37
Q

What triad is seen in myeloma?

A

Lytic bone lesions
Clonal Ig or paraproteins
Increased plasma cells in BM

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38
Q

What symptoms should make u suspect a myeloma?

A

> 60 with persistent unexplained bone pain, particularly back pain, unexplained fractures
Rib pain or back ache
Anaemia - breathless, fatigue, light headed
Sx of hypercalcaemia - polyuria, polydipsia, abdo pain, renal stones
Recurrent infections

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39
Q

What do you look for when diagnosing myeloma?

A 
BLIP
Bence jones protein 
Serum free light chain assay
Serum Ig
Serum protein electrophoresis
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40
Q

What conditions may cause DIC?

A

Sepsis, burns, head injury, viral infection, cancer (haematological), solid tumours, pancreatitis, surgery, shock

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41
Q

What is Aplastic anaemia?

A

A gross reduction or absence of the haemopoietic precursos of all 3 cells lineages in the bone marrow resulting in pancytopenia

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42
Q

What is Immune thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

IgG against platelets

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43
Q

What is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

Deficiency or mutation to ADAMTS13
Tiny clots form in small vessels, VWB overactivity due to lack of ADAMTS13 and so platelets used up. Also causes haemolytic anaemia and schiztocytes

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44
Q

What is heparin induced thromocytopenia?

A

Anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies or heparin antibodies are made in response to exposure to heparin. Causes activation of the clotting cascade - hypercoagulability and also breaks the platelets down - thrombocytopenia

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45
Q

What is looked for in a heel prick test/ guthrie?

A

PKU, sickle cell disease, CF, congenital hypothyroidism, inherited metabolic diseases, severe combined immunodeficiency

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46
Q

What is the commonest heart defect seen in down syndrome?

A

AVSD

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47
Q

What is the heart defect commonly seen in turners syndrome (45 XO)?

A

Co-arctation of the aorta

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48
Q

What are some features of turners syndrome?

A

Webbed neck, widely spaced nipples, amenorrhoea, short stature, lack of secondary sexual characteristics

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49
Q

What intrauterine infections can cause congenital malformations?

A

TORCH

Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphilis), rubella, CMV, HSV

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50
Q

In determining if a childs MSK pain is a normal vairent, what things should you look for? (‘pattern recognition’)

A 
Symptoms
Symmetry
Systemic illness
Skeletal dysplasia
Stiffness
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51
Q

What may cause hip pain in a child aged 0-4? (limp, refusal to weight bear or use affected leg, inability to walk)

A

Septic arthritis
DDH
Transient synovitis

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52
Q

What may cause hip pain in a child aged 5-10? (limp, refusal to weight bear or use affected leg, inability to walk)

A

Septic arthritis
Transient synovitis
Perthes disease

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53
Q

What may cause hip pain in a child aged 10-16? (limp, refusal to weight bear or use affected leg, inability to walk)

A

SUFE
JIA
Septic arthritis

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54
Q

Whats are the 8 types of fractures that can occur in kids?

A

Buckle (torus), greenstick, salter-haris*, transverse, oblique, comminuted, segmental, spiral

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55
Q

What are the types of salter-haris fractures?

A 
SALTR
Type 1 - Straight through physis
Type 2 - Above physis
Type 3 - beLow physis
Type 4 - through the physis (~45 degree angle through the bone)
Type 5 - cRushed
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56
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Lateral curvature of the spine with secondary vertebral rotation

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57
Q

What might you find in an examination of a patient with thoracic scoliosis?

A 
Assessment on standing -
Shoulder asymmetry
Hip and waist asymmetry
Prominent shoulder blade
Visible curve
Assessment while patient bending
Upper back raised at side of curve
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58
Q

What is SUFE?

A

When the femoral head is displaced/ fractured along the physis
More common in obese, adolescent males undergoing a growth spurt

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59
Q

How might someone present with a SUFE?

A

Hip or groin pain that may travel down the thigh and knee
Painful limp
ROM in the hip
Hip preferred to be in ER with pain and restricted IR
Pain disproportionate to the severity of the trauma

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60
Q

How would you investigate and treat SUFE?

A

X-ray

Surgery

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61
Q

What is transient synovitis?

A

Temporary irritation and inflammation of the synovial membrane - synovitis
Commonest cause of hip pain in 3-10 year olds
Commonly a few weeks after a viral URTI

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62
Q

What symptoms may a patient with transient synovitis present with?

A 
Recent history of a viral URTI
Refusal to weight bear
Hip or groin pain
Limp
If joint pain + Fever - ?septic arthritis
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63
Q

What is Perthes disease?

A

Disruption of the blood flow to the femoral head leading to avascular necrosis of the epiphysis of the femoral head.
Idiopathic
No Hx of trauma

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64
Q

How might a patient with Perthes disease present?

A

Hip or groin pain
Referred pain down to the knee
Limp
Restricted ROM

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65
Q

What is a complication of perthes disease?

A

If remodelling of the bone makes a soft, deformed femoral head - Early OA
May need a total artificial hip replacement

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66
Q

How might a patient with osteosarcoma present?

A 
Adolescent
Common in femur
PERSISTENT UNEXPLAINED bone pain
Worse at night
Wakes them up at night
Swelling ± palpable mass
Restricted ROM
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67
Q

What is Developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

A structural abnormality in the hips caused by abnormal development of the foetal bones. The femoral head and acetabulum fail to develop properly.
Causes instability of the hips with a tendency to subluxate or dislocate

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68
Q

What signs in the born assessment would draw you to think DDH?

A

Leg length discrepancy
Restricted hip abduction on one side or bilateral restriction in abduction
Difference in knee levels when hips flexed
Clunking and dislocation of hips in Barlows and ortalani
Asymmetry of buttock creases

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69
Q

How might you treat a neonate with DDH?

A

Pavlik harness for 6-8 weeks to allow development of teh acetabulum around the femoral head
Hips flexed and abducted

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70
Q

How might you treat DDH diagnosed in a child >6 months?

A

Open (surgery) or closed reduction + Spica cast for 3-6 months

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71
Q

What is congenital talipes equinovarus?

A

Club foot - an abnormal fixed ankle position presenting at birth

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72
Q

What are the 4 key components of club foot>

A 
CAVE
Cavus - high arch
Adducted front of foot towards midline
Varus of heel
Equinus of heel (limited ROM)
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73
Q

What management is available for club foot?

A 
Poseti method
1. Serial casting
2. Achilles tenotomy
3. Abduction foot orthosis 
± Tibialis anterior tendon transfer operation
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74
Q

What is rickets?

A

Defective bone mineralisation causing soft, deformed bones

75
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Help absorption of Ca and PO4 from intestines and kidney. Regulates bone turn over. Helps immune system

76
Q

What signs might you find in a patient presenting with Rickets?

A

Bowing legs or knock knees
Rachitic rosary - lumps along chest due to costochondral junction expansion
Craniotables - soft skull with delayed closure of sutures and frontal bossing
Delayed teeth and underdeveloped enamel

77
Q

What blood results may be seen in rickets?

A

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 25nmol/L (= vit D deficiency)

Low Ca, Low PO4, high ALP, high PTH

78
Q

Marfans is a CTD, its an AD condition with mutation to Fibrillin. Give some features.

A

Tall, long neck, long arms and legs, arachnodactyly (long fingers), high arched palate, hyper-mobility, Downward slanting palpabre fissures, pectus carinatum or excavatum

79
Q

What conditions are associated with Marfans?

A

Scoliosis, Lens dislocation, ocular HTN, joint diclocation, Aortic aneurysms, Aortic or mitral valve prolapse, pneumothorax, GORD

80
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

A group of genetic conditions due to defects in collagen. There is joint hypermobility and abnormal connective tissue in the skin, bones, blood vessels and organs

81
Q

What is the most common type of EDS?

A

Hypermobile EDS - Hyper-mobility of joints and soft stretchy skin

82
Q

What can you use to score hyper-mobility?

A

Beighton score (out of 9)

  1. Touch the floor with whole hands, knees extended
  2. Elbows hyperextended
  3. Knees hyperextended
  4. Thumb can touch forearm
  5. Little finger can be hyperextended >90 degrees
83
Q

In Hypermobile EDS, you can get autonomic dysfunction, what can this lead to and be called?

A

POTS

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

84
Q

What are the 5 types of JIA?

A 
Systemic JIA
Polyarticular JIA
Oligoarticular JIA
Enthesitis related arthritis
Juvenile psoriatic arthritis
85
Q

When might you consider a diagnosis of JIA?

A

Arthritis without a known cause, lasting > 6 weeks in a child <16

86
Q

What might you diagnose in a child presenting with 6 weeks of joint pain, a subtle salmon pink rash and a fever?

A

Stills disease - systemic JIA

87
Q

What is systemic JIA?

A

Also known as stills disease
Presents with, salmon pink rash, swinging fever, weight loss, muscle pains, enlarged LN, joint pain and inflammation, splenomegaly and pleuritis or pericarditis

88
Q

What is a life threatening complication of systemic JIA/stills disease?

A

Macrophage activation syndrome - can lead to multiple organ failure

89
Q

What is polyarticular JIA?

A

Idiopathic inflammation of 5 or more joints

Symmetrical

90
Q

What is oligoarticular JIA?

A

Affects 4 or less joints
Associated with anterior uveitis
Anti-nuclear antibody positive

91
Q

What is Enthesitis related arthritis? (JIA)

A

Seronegative - HLA-B27

Check for psorasis, IBD and anterior uveitis

92
Q

How might a child with constipation present?

A

Change in bowel habit - less frequent (less than 3/wk)
Rabbit dropping stools
Straining and painful passage of stool
Retentive posture
Overflow soiling due to faecal impaction - runny smelly stool
Can’t feel when they need to pass stool (desensitisation)
Hard stool may be palpable in the abdomen
Abdominal pain

93
Q

What is Encopresis?

A

Faecal impaction
This is not pathological until >4 years old
A sign of chronic constipation - rectum stretched and desensitised

94
Q

What causes Encopresis in peads?

A

Most idiopathic - lifestyle factors (low fibre diet, dehydration, sedentary lifestyle, psychological problems, habitually not opening bowels)
Secondary causes:
Hirschprungs disease, CP, LD, spina bifida abuse, psychological stress

95
Q

What causes constipation in peads?

A

Most idiopathic - lifestyle factors (low fibre diet, dehydration, sedentary lifestyle, psychological problems, habitually not opening bowels)
Secondary causes:
Hirschprungs disease, CP, hypothyroidism, sexual abuse, cows milk intolerance, anal stenosis, intestinal obstruction, spinal cord lesions

96
Q

In patients with constipation, they may have a desensitised rectum, explain how this happens.

A

If patients develop a habit of not opening their bowels when they need to or they ignore the signal of a full rectum, over time they loose sensation of needing to open their bowels.
They retain faeces in the rectum - faecal impaction, and it becomes stretched. Over time it becomes more stretched and fills with more faeces.

97
Q

What is the commest cause of abdominal pain in children?

A

Constipation

If they have had a recent infection - mesenteric adenitis

98
Q

What would you do if a child was vomiting bile?

A

SURGICAL EMERGENCY - ? obstruction (malrotation ± volvulus?)

99
Q

What are some causes of abdominal pain in children?

A

Constipation, UTI, IBS, IBD, HSP, DKA, coeliac, abdominal migraine, mesenteric adenitis, infantile colic
Appendicitis, intussusception, bowel obstruction, testicular torsion

100
Q

Commonest surgery in kids?

A

Inguinal hernia - herniotomy

101
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal?

A

M - Internal oblique m and transversus abdominis muscle
A - Internal and external oblique aponeurosis
L - Lacunar ligament and inguinal ligamament
T- conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia

102
Q

What is an abdominal migraine?

A

Central abdominal pain > 1hr, normal examination

± headache, vomiting, vertigo, pallor, photophobia

103
Q

What preventative medication can you give in abdominal migraines?

A

Pizotifen *
Propranolol
Flunarazine

104
Q

How might a baby with GORD present?

A 
Chronic cough
Hoarse cry
Distressed and unsettled after a feed
Reluctance to feed
Poor weight gain
Pneumonia
105
Q

What is a cows milk protein allergy?

A

Immune-mediated allergic response to 1 or more proteins in cows milk
IgE mediated - immediate, min - 2hr - hives, itcy
Non-IgE mediated - 2-72hr after - diarrhoea

106
Q

What symptoms might suggest a cows milk protein allergy?

A

Symptoms after milk ingestion:
Skin - Urticaria, angioedema, puritis, erythema, eczema
GI - D&V, reflux, constipation, colic, abdominal pain
Resp - Wheeze, hoarse, SoB, rhinorrhoea
Hx or FHx of atopy?

107
Q

What is intussuception?

A

When the full thickness of the bowel invaginates or telescopes into itself
Commonly 3months - 3 years
Ileo-colic region

108
Q

How might a child with intussuception present?

A

Age 3m-3y, male, ?co-morbid CF, HSP, meckels, polyps?
Recent Viral infection eg URTI
Triad - Severe intermitten abdominal pain
Red current jelly stool
Vomiting
RUQ pain and a sausage shaped mass felt in the abdomen. Intestinal obstruction?

109
Q

How would you manage a child with intussuception?

A

Therapeutic enema to try unfold the bowel

If doesn’t work - surgery

110
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy and narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

111
Q

When might pyloric stenosis present?

A

~2-4 weeks
FTT, thin, pale baby
When fed, peristalsis in the stomach increases in strength to try pass food into duodenum, eventually it caused food to go revere and there is PROJECTILE VOMITING (withOUT bile)

112
Q

What lab findings do you see in pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypochloric, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

113
Q

How do you treat pyloric stenosis?

A

Laparoscopic pylorormyotomy

114
Q

What is malrotation?

A

Intestinal fixation should occur in week 4-12 gestation. If this fails there may be malrotation and a volvulus.
Bilious vomiting**
10w-1y

115
Q

What are some causes of intestinal obstruction?

A

Meconium ileus, hirschsprungs disiease, duodena atreia, oesophageal atresia, imperforate anus, intussusception, strangulated hernia, volvulus

116
Q

What condition is associated with meconium ileus/plug syndrome?

A

CF - thick, sticky meconium

117
Q

What may a neonate with meconium ileus present with?

A

Failure to pass meconium in 48 hours
Abdominal distention
Bilious vomiting

118
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease/ congenital aganglionic megacolon?

A

When the distal portion of the large colon is aganglionic
There is absence of the myenteric plexus/ auerbach’s plexus. This portion becomes constricted and can present with acute intestinal obstruction

119
Q

What is a complication of Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis
Inflammation and obstruction of the bowel
Presents 2-4 weeks after birth - fever, diarrhoea, abdominal distention, signs of sepsis
Life threatening - Toxic megacolon and perforation

120
Q

How would a patient with Hirschsprung’s disease present?

A 
Failure to pass meconium in 24 hours
Abdominal pain and distention 
Chronic constipation since birth
FTT and poor weight gain
Vomiting
FHx of HD
Hx of Down syndrome, MEN2
121
Q

What is necrotising enterocolitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the bowel that can lead to necrosis. In Premature babies

122
Q

What are risk factors for NEC?

A

Premature
Low birth weight < 1500g
Enteral feeding

123
Q

What is mesenteric adenitis?

A

Inflamed abdominal LN. Usually occurs after an infection e.g. URTI, tonsilitis

124
Q

How much weight loss is normal in the first week of life?

A

Up to 10% of their body weight (mainly water)

By week 3 they should have at least returned to their birth weight

125
Q

How much should a neonate get to eat?

A

150ml/kg/day

126
Q

What are some gross motor mile stones?

A 
6 weeks - head to 45 degrees when prone
**4 months - roll over
6 months - sits
9 months - crawls
12 months - walk
Need to think about in safeguarding
127
Q

What are some fine motor milestones?

A 
6wk - fix and follow
6m - palmer grip
10m - pincer grip
18m - 3 block tower
3y - draw circle
128
Q

What are some language milestones?

A

Birth - startles to loud noises
4m - babbles
12m - few simple words
2y - says and understands simple phrases

129
Q

What are some social milestones?

A 
6wk - smiles
6m - hands to mouth
12m - waves bye
18m - feeds self
2y - toilet trained
130
Q

How long do you measure length rather than height?

A

Length until 2 years

Children <2 BMI not valid

131
Q

What are some causes of delayed puberty?

A

Chronic disease
Malnutrition/ ED
Androgen insensitivity
Genetic disorders

132
Q

What are some causes of precocious puberty?

A

Obesity in females
Genetic disorders
Pituitary tumour
Ovarian tumour

133
Q

What classes as faultering growth?

A

Slower rate of weight gain than expected for age and gender. Flutuations through centiles can be normal.

A fall through >2 centiles warrants investigation

134
Q

What are some causes of faultering growth?

A

Inadequate intake:
Reduced appetitie - chronic infections, anaemia
Feeding problems - GORD, CP, celft lip/palate
Choatic social circumstances/ neglect

Increased calorie expenditure:
Chronic infection
Sever asthma, CF, congenital heart disease
Frequent surgery

Inefficient utilisation of calories (malabsorption):
Coeliac/IBD
Chronic D/V
Endocrine - DM, hyperthyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism

Congenital/ chromosomal:
TORCH
FAS
Trisomy 21, Turners

GH deficiency

135
Q

What conditions are associated with coeliac disease?

A

T1DM, Dermatitis herpitiformis, IgA deficiency

136
Q

What HLA is in coeliac?

A

HLA-DQ2/8

137
Q

What are some indications of malabsorption?

A

Foul smelling diarrhoea, steaohorrhoea, FTT, weight loss, fatigue, nutritional deficiencies (anaemia, bleeding, metabolic bone problems, oedema, neurological sx)

138
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

AR mutation in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7. It is a Cl channel that usually helps draw water into secretions to make them watery

139
Q

How might CF present in a neonate?

A

Meconium ileus, rectal prolapse, FTT

140
Q

What screening tests are performed to check for CF?

A

Immunoreactive trypsinogen
Sweat testing (lots of CL)
Genetics
Faecal elastase

141
Q

How might CF present in a child?

A

Resp - wheeze, cough, recurrent infections, bronchiectasis, pneumothorax, resp failure
GI - Gallstones, cirrhosis, pancreatic insufficiency (DM. steatorrhoea)
Other - male infertility, nasal polyps, sinuisitis

142
Q

When thinking about A-E assessment, how are children different to adults?

A 
Children have:
Smaller oral cavity with a larger tongue
Short trachea
Obligate nasal breathers < 6m
Large head
Large SA: body mass ratio
Compliant elastic skeletons
143
Q

How would you distinguish between mild and severe croup?

A

Mild:
Barking cough, no stridor at rest, no sternal recession ± tracheal tug, normal behaviour

Severe:
Persistent stridor at rest, pallor and mottling, severe sternal recession ± tracheal tug, drooling, irritable or lethargic

144
Q

How do you manage croup?

A

Minimise distress
Dexamethasone
Nebulised Adrenaline

145
Q

How much maintenance fluid should children get?

A

4,2,1
First 10kg - 4ml/kg/Hour or 100ml/kg/day
Next 10kg - 2ml/kg/Hour or 50ml/kg/day
Everything else - 1ml/kg/Hour or 25ml/kg/day

146
Q

What is a standard amount for a paediatric bolus fluid?

A

20ml/kg

147
Q

How would you calculate how many calories a child gets?

A

~100kcal/kg/day

148
Q

How much Na, Cl and K might need replaced?

A

Na - 2-4mmol/kg/day
Cl - 2-4mmol/kg/day
K - 1-2mmol/kg/day

149
Q

How would you calculate how much blood to give a child in a blood transfusion?

A 
Total Hb (g) x weight (kg) x 4
e.g. Y is 2kg, I want his Hb to go from 8 to 11 - 
3g x 2kg x 4 = 24ml
150
Q

How much fluid would a neonate need on day 1? Is it different from their requirements on days 7?

A 
Day 1 - 50ml/kg/day
Day 2 - 70-80ml/kg/day
Day 3 - 80-100ml/kg/day
Day 4 - 100-120ml/kg/day
Day 5-28 - 120-150ml/kg/day
151
Q

How would you calculate a childs weight from their age?

A

Weight in Kg = (age (years)+ 4) x2

152
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Surfactant deficiency disease

Premature infants

153
Q

What immunisations are give at 8 weeks?

A
  1. Diptheria/tetanus/polio/pertussis/HiB
  2. Rotavirus
  3. Pneumococcal
  4. Meningiococcal group B
154
Q

What immunisations do you give at 12 weeks?

A
  1. Diptheria/tetanus/polio/pertussis/HiB
  2. Rotavirus
  3. Meningiococcal group C
155
Q

What immunisations do you give at 16 weeks?

A
  1. Diptheria/tetanus/polio/pertussis/HiB
  2. Meningiococcal group B
  3. Penumococcal
156
Q

What immunisations do you give at 1 year?

A

Booster of Hib, MenC, MenB, pneumococcal

MMR

157
Q

What milestones should be seen at 6 weeks?

A

Super baby -

Smiles, fixes and follows, hold head level, startle to sound

158
Q

What mile stones should be seen at 3 months?

A

Rock baby -

Hold head at 90 degrees, laughs and squeal in response, turns to sound, opens palm, hold objects

159
Q

What mile stones should be met at 6 months?

A

Secretary -
Sits supported or up with forearm, babbles, recognises own name, reach with palmar grasp, transfer objects, put food in their mouth

160
Q

What miles stones should be met at 9 months?

A

Gangster -

Crawls, sits unsupported, says mama and dada, points, pincer grip, pull themselves up to stand, wave bye

161
Q

What milestones should be met at 12 months?

A

Watchdog -

Cruising, hands and objects in mouth, casting objects, stranger awareness, understand a few words

162
Q

What milestones should be met at 18 months?

A

Banksy -

Walks steadily, carries objects, feeds themselves with a spoon, scribbles, build a tower with 2-4 blocks, symbolic play

163
Q

What mile stones should be met at 2 years?

A

Footballer -

Runs, removes garments, dry by day, tower of 6-8 blocks, joins 2-3 words, circular scribbles

164
Q

What mile stones should be met at 3 years?

A

Cricketer -
Throw overarm and catch, tower of 9 blocks, stand on 1 foot for 3 seconds, one foot per step, feeds themselves with a fork and spoon, dress themselves, ride a tricycle, cut with scissors, talk in sentences

165
Q

What might cause a developmental delay in gross motor?

A

Cerebral palsy, ataxia, myopathy, spina bifida, visual impairment, DMD, autism

166
Q

What might cause a developmental delay in fine motor?

A

DMD, Cerebral palsy, autism, dyspraxia, congenital ataxia, visual impairment

167
Q

What might cause a developmental delay in Language?

A

Social circumstances - multilingual household, siblings that do the talking
Autism, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, LD, neglect

168
Q

What domains are affected in autism?

A

Communication, behaviour, social interaction

169
Q

What are the benefits of breast feeding for the mum?

A

Reduced risk of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, diabetes

Possible reduction in post-natal depression

170
Q

What are the benefits of breast feeding for the baby?

A

Reduced risk of a gut infection, respiratory infection, ear infection, CVD, AI conditions, SIDS
Improved cognitive ability

171
Q

How do you calculate the genetic target height in boys and girls?

A 
Boys = Mums height + dads height /2 + 7
Girls = mums height + dads height /2 -7
172
Q

How would you define short stature on a growth chart?

A

> 2 SD below the mean (below 3rd centile)

173
Q

What are some causes of a short stature?

A 
NICC SEDD
Normal genetic short stature
IUGR
Constitutional delay
Chronic systemic disease
Skeletal dysplasia
Endocrine abnormalities
Dysmorphic syndrome
Dire social circumstances
174
Q

What is faltering growth?

A

Lower weight or rate of weight gain than expected for their age and sex

175
Q

What is pityriasis alba?

A

Hypopigmentation of the cheeks with dry, rough skin. Not well demarcated

tx - emollients, suncream to avoid darkening of skin and making it more obvious

176
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Congenital deficiency of 21-hydroxlyase enzyme, which leads to low cortisol and aldoesterone and high testosterone from birth. AR

177
Q

Why is there high androgens and low cortisol and aldosterone in CAH?

A

21-hydroxlyase is needed to convert progesterone into cortisol and aldosterone, however it is not needed to make androgens. Excess progesterone is then converted to testosterone - Females will present with ambiguous genitalia in severe cases

178
Q

What are some lab findings in CAH?

A

Hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia (no aldosterone to inc absorption of Na and excretion of K), hypoglycamia (no cortisol to increase gluconeogensis)

179
Q

What is Kallmann’s syndrome?

A

Isolated deficiency in LH and FSH
Due to failure of migration of the gonadotrophin cells from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus - anosmia, or hyposmia.
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

180
Q

What is a common cause of hypogonadism (primary gonadal failure)?

A

Klienfleter’s - XXY
Presents at puberty
Seminiferous tubules regress and leydig cells don’t function properly

181
Q

What might you seen on an abdominal X-ray that indicates duodenal atresia?

A

Double bubble sign

- DA is seen in Down syndrome

182
Q

What are some causes of neonatal respiratory distress?

A
  1. Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
  2. Meconium aspiration syndrome (term/post-term)
  3. Respiratory distress syndrome (surfactant def -preterm)
  4. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
  5. Congenital cyanotic heart lesion
  6. Pneumothorax
  7. Infection
183
Q

How could you tell if a cyanotic neonate had a respiratory problem or cardio?

A

Giving O2 solves the respiratory function as it takes over the lungs job - cardio would still be cyanotic

184
Q

At what age do kids get vaccines and how many?

A

8 weeks - 4 (diptheria/polio/pertusis/tetanus/hiB, menB, pnemo, rotavirus)
12 weeks - 3 (2nd d/p/p/t/hib, rotaV, 1st menC)
16 weeks - 3 (3rd of dipth/hib/polio/tet/pert, 2nd menB, pnem)
1 year - 5 (Boosters - Hib, menB, MenC, pnemo, 1st MMR)
2 years - 1 (influena)

Year 5 (9 decks)

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