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LR Child Health > Paediatric Nutrition > Flashcards

Paediatric Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main phases of post-natal growth?

A

Infant
Child
Pubertal

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2
Q

Describe the speed of and the biggest influence of growth in the infant stage of post-natal growth

A
  • Rapid growth - birth weight is trebled in the 1st year of life
  • Mainly nutrition led
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3
Q

Describe the speed of and the biggest influence of growth in the child stage of post-natal growth

A
  • Slower growth from ~2y/o until puberty

- Mainly growth hormone led

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4
Q

Describe the speed of and the biggest influence of growth in the pubertal stage of post-natal growth

A
  • Very rapid growth

- Mainly sex steroid and growth hormone led

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5
Q

Define estimated average requirements (EAR)

A

The average energy requirement of a population

50% will require more and 50% will require less

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6
Q

Define reference nutrient intake (RNI)

A

Nutrient intake which is sufficient for 97.5% of the population
(2SD’s above the mean)

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7
Q

Define lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI)

A

Nutrient intake which is sufficient for 2.5% of the population.

(2SD’s below the mean)

This will not be sufficient for the majority of the population

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8
Q

What is meant by malnutrition?

A

Deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in an individuals intake/energy/nutrients

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9
Q

What are the 4 categories of undernutrition?

A
  • Wasting (low weight for height)
  • Stunting (low height for age)
  • Underweight (low weight for age)
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
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10
Q

What do…
- Wasting (low weight for height)
- Stunting (low height for age)
… indicate?

A

Wasting - usually indicates recent weight loss e.g., after illness

Stunting - usually indicates chronic undernutrition

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11
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake (RNI) of protein for infants aged 4-18 months?

A

12.7 - 14.5g

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12
Q

In Scotland, mean protein intake is below the RNI for children aged 4-18 months. T/F?

A

False

Mean protein intake is above the RNI for children aged 4-18 months

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13
Q

How is estimated average requirement (EAR) calculated in children aged 0-12 months?

A

EAR = energy deposited in new tissues + total energy expenditure

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14
Q

How is estimated average requirement (EAR) calculated in children aged 1-18 years?

A

EAR = total energy expenditure + BMR x adjusted physical activity levels

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15
Q

The % of children exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy decreases with age. T/F?

A

False

The % of children exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy increases with age.

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16
Q

Intake of sodium is commonly exceeded/deficient in children

A

Exceeded

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17
Q

What is the recommended daily salt intake for children aged…
-0-12 months
-1-3 years
?

A

0-12 months: <1g (<400mg Na+)

1-3 years: <2g (<800mg Na+)

18
Q

Healthy term babies require little or no exogenous iron in the first 6 months of life. T/F?

A

True

19
Q

Mean intake of calcium in infants aged 4-18 months is below the RNI. T/F?

A

False

4-7 months: ~RNI
7-18 months: >RNI

20
Q

The majority of Scottish children do not consume their 5 a day. T/F?

A

True

21
Q

What is the recommended source of food for infants aged…
0-6 months
6-12 months
?

A

0-6 months: exclusive breast feeding

6-12 months: breastfeeding + complementary feeding

22
Q

What does complementary feeding include?

A
  • Solid foods
  • Formula milk
  • Water
23
Q

Why should solid food be introduced at ~6 months?

A

Breastmilk is no longer enough to meet nutritional needs

24
Q

Unmodified cows milk cannot be given as the main drink in children under the age of…?

A

12 months

25
Q

Semi-skimmed milk and skimmed milk should not be given before the ages of X and Y respectively

A

Semi-skimmed: 2 years

Skimmed: 5 years

26
Q

Breast feeding rates are increasing in Scotland. T/F?

A

True

27
Q

What are the recommended first foods to feed an infant?

A
  • Vegetables
  • Baby rice mixed in milk
  • Fruit

New foods should be introduced gradually

28
Q

Foods that often cause allergy (e.g., gluten, eggs, fish) should not be introduced at 6 months. T/F?

A

False

Also introduce these foods at ~6 months of age
Introducing after 6-12 months can actually increase risk of allergy

29
Q

Babies who are (breastfed/formula fed) should take a daily vitamin D supplement e.g., free vitamin D drops

A

Breastfed

30
Q

What are the developmental signs that an infant is ready for complementary feeding (think ~6 months)

A

Gross motor: sitting, can control head
Fine motor/vision: can pick up food/spoon
Oral development: can swallow food

31
Q

List 4 negative effects that late weaning (introduction of complementary feeding) can result in

A
  • Faltering growth and malnutrition
  • Microdeficiencies, esp. iron and zinc
  • Delay in reaching development milestones e.g., chewing, accepting new tastes/textures
  • Increased risk of allergy to foods
32
Q

From what age are children recommended to follow the Eatwell Guide?

A

From 5 years

33
Q

From what age are children recommended to follow the Eatwell Guide?

A

From 5 years

34
Q

List 6 health benefits of breastfeeding (esp. exclusive)

A
  • Reduced infections
  • Reduced diarrhoea and vomiting illnesses
  • Reduced risk of SIDS
  • Reduced childhood obesity (breastmilk contains satiety hormones which are not present in formula milk)
  • Reduced CVD in adulthood e.g., hypertension, T2DM
  • Increased likelihood of a higher IQ
35
Q

What is faltering growth?

A

A lower weight, or rate of weight gain, than expected for a child’s age, height and sex

36
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for dental caries?

A

High frequency intake of free sugars (esp. sugary drinks)

37
Q

How should teethbrushing be started in children?

A

Clean teeth gently 2x per day as they appear using 10000ppm fluoride toothpaste

38
Q

List some risk factors for overweight/obesity in childhood

A
  • Living in more deprived areas
  • Overweight/obese mother
  • Snacking on crisps and sweets as a toddler
  • Skipping breakfast
  • Not eating main meals in dining area at home
  • Mother with long-term health problem
  • Low parental supervision
  • No ‘child-friendly’ neighbourhood for active play
39
Q

What is the Best Start welfare food scheme?

A
  • Scottish programme for low-income mothers and mothers < 18 y/o
  • Provided with a card which allows them certain foods for free for their child every week
  • Also free access to vitamin D drops for all children < 1 year in Scotland
40
Q

List 5 public health nutrition interventions

A
  • Best Start welfare food scheme
  • Childsmile dental programme
  • Child Healthy weight service
  • Physical activity programmes in schools
  • Community food and health programmes

LR Child Health (12 decks)

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