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LR Child Health > Childhood Development > Flashcards

Childhood Development Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 factors influence normal development?

A

Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental

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2
Q

List antenatal, perinatal and post-natal environmental factors which can affect development

A

Antenatal: maternal alcohol, substance abuse, infection
Perinatal: birth asphyxia
Post-natal: emotional neglect, lack of stimuli

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3
Q

What is meant by a developmental milestone?

A

The normal age range where a new skill is acquired

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4
Q

When referring to developmental milestones, median age = …

A

The age by which 50% of the population has achieved a skill

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5
Q

When referring to developmental milestones, limit age = …

A

The age by which a child should have developed a skill

2 standard deviations above the median age

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6
Q

What does it mean if a child has not developed a skill by limit age?

A

Increased probability of a developmental problem

but not definite

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7
Q

What is the difference between chronological, corrected and developmental age?

A

Chronological age: age from actual birth

Corrected age: age based on original due date (used in premature babies)

Developmental age: age expressed in ones ability to complete a skill

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8
Q

Premature birth should be taken into account for younger developmental age up until what age?

A

2 years old

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9
Q

Sequence of development between children is usually (the same/different) and rate of development usually (stays the same/varies)

A

Sequence of development between children is usually THE SAME and rate of development usually VARIES

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10
Q

Motor development procedes in a cephalocaudal direction. T/F?

A

True

Head control is usually acquired first, then trunk, arms, fingers etc

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11
Q

Give an example of normal variation in development

A

Crawling

Bear crawl vs bottom shuffle vs commando crawl vs rolling

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12
Q

Describe the following primitive reflexes:

  • Sucking and rooting
  • Palmar and plantar grasp
  • Moro reflex
  • ATNR
  • Stepping and placing
A
  • Sucking and rooting: turning head and opening mouth to seek out nipple
  • Palmar and plantar grasp: will tightly grasp what is placed in their palm
  • Moro reflex: baby’s head falls back when startled
  • ATNR: asymmetric tonic neck reflex -> when someone turns baby’s head to the side, they extend their arm and leg on that same side, stops them from rolling off of a surface
  • Stepping and placing: baby steps onto surface when foot placed on it
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13
Q

When do baby’s lose their primitive relfexes?

A

After 5-7 months

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14
Q

Which primitive reflex may persist after 7 months in cerebral palsy?

A

ATNR

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15
Q

What are the 4 areas of development?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor + vision
Language + hearing
Social behaviour + play

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16
Q

Lots of progress in one area of development will most likely result in lots of progress in the other 3 areas. T/F?

A

False

If there is lots of progress in one area of development, there will probably be less development in the other areas as the child masters their new skill

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17
Q 
Which gross motor skills have a median age of...
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
14 months
18 months
24-36 months
A 
3 months - Head control
6 months - Sitting balance
9 months - Crawling
12 months - Standing
14 months - Walking
18 months - Running
24-36 months - Climbing stairs
18
Q

What is the saving/parachute reflex?

A

The baby sticks out their hand to support their fall when they are pushed/tilted from a sitting position

19
Q

When does the saving/parachute reflex develop and how long does it last?

A

~5-6 months of age when the baby learns to sit

Persists throughout life

20
Q

Ability to crawl (at ~9 months) is helped by which activity?

A

Tummy-time

21
Q

Why might learning to crawl be delayed?

A

Fear following the ‘back to sleep’ campaign -> babies not getting enough time on their tummies

22
Q 
Which fine motor + vision skills have a median age of...
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
18 months
24 months
36 months
48 months (4 years)
A

3 months - holds hands in front of face and examines them, follows objects with eyes

6 months - palmar grasps toys

9 months - scissor grasp

12 months - fine pincer grip

18 months - builds tower of bricks

24 months - scribbles

36 months - copies circle

48 months (4 years) - draws simple man

23
Q

Why does risk of swallowing unwanted objects increase after ~12 months?

A

This is when fine pincer grip develops

24
Q 
Which hearing + language skills have a median age of...
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
18 months
24 months
36 months
48 months (4 years)
A

3 months - vocalises
6 months - babbles
9 months - imitates sounds
12 months - knows name
18 months - 5-20 words, points to/recognises body parts and pictures
24 months - 50+ words, simple instructions
36 months - asks questions, complex instructions
48 months (4 years) - can tell stories from experiences

25
Q 
Which social behaviour + play skills have a median age of...
6 weeks
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
18 months
24 months
36 months
48 months (4 years)
A

6 weeks - social smile
3 months - pleasure on friendly handling
6 months - plays with feet, friendly with strangers
9 months - plays peek-a-boo, stranger awareness
12 months - drinks from cup, waves bye-bye
18 months - feeds with spoon
24 months - symbolic play, puts on some clothes
36 months - ‘pretend’ and interactive play, toilet-trained
48 months (4 years) - understands turn-taking, dresses fully

26
Q

Why is it concerning if a baby hasn’t developed a social smile by 8 weeks old?

A

Social smile has a key role in child-parent bonding

Lack of social smile can lead to parents feeling rejected and interacting with the baby less

27
Q

No social smile by 8 weeks of age may be a sign of which 2 conditions?

A

Vision problems (can’t see parents properly)

Autism

28
Q

Feeding with a spoon may develop late (after 18 months) due to…

A

Parents worried about mess in the house

29
Q

What is meant by symbolic play?

A

Carrying out meaningful activities e.g., feeding teddy, walking dog toy, making cup of tea with tea set

30
Q

What is meant by ‘pretend’ and interactive play?

A

Plays make-believe and plays with others

31
Q

Children show awareness of object permanence at ~ 9 months. What does this mean?

A

They know an object is still there even if they can’t see it
e.g., looking for a toy they have dropped or is covered with a blanket

32
Q

How long does the health visitors home visiting pathway last?

A

Up till ~5 years old when the child will continue to be assessed by teachers at school instead

33
Q

Developmental delay is uncommon nowadays. T/F?

A

False

34
Q

What are the 3 patterns of abnormal development?

A
  • Developmental delay
  • Development deviation
  • Regression of development
35
Q

Give an example of a condition in each of these abnormal development categories:
-Developmental delay

  • Development deviation
  • Regression of development
A
  • Developmental delay: Down’s syndrome
  • Development deviation: Autism spectrum disorder
  • Regression of development: Metabolic disorders e.g., Rett’s syndrome
36
Q

List the 7 red flags for development

A
  • Asymmetry of movement or tone between body sides
  • Not reaching for objects by 6 months
  • Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
  • Unable to walk or speak by 18 months
  • Concern regarding vision or hearing
  • Loss of skills
37
Q

What is global developmental delay?

A

Significant delay in development of 2 or more of the following skills:

  • Gross/fine motor skills
  • Speech/language
  • Cognition
  • Social/personal
  • Activities of daily living
38
Q

List 9 possible causes of global developmental delay

A 
Idiopathic (40%)
Genetic e.g., Down's syndrome, fragile X syndrome 
Metabolic
CNS malformation
Infection
Toxins
Prematurity
Asphyxia
Trauma
39
Q

What is global developmental delay termed in school age children?

A

Learning or intellectual disability

40
Q

The differences in development between those with normal development and those with global developmental delay becomes less apparent with age. T/F?

A

False

Those with global developmental delay drift further away from the normal with age

41
Q

What is specific developmental delay?

A

Significant delay in development of 1 area of the following skills:

  • Gross/fine motor skills
  • Speech/language
  • Cognition
  • Social/personal
  • Activities of daily living
42
Q

Name a condition that shows…

  • Global developmental delay
  • Specific developmental delay
A
  • Global developmental delay: Down’s syndrome

- Specific developmental delay: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (motor delay)

LR Child Health (12 decks)

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