Childhood Development Flashcards
What 3 factors influence normal development?
Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental
List antenatal, perinatal and post-natal environmental factors which can affect development
Antenatal: maternal alcohol, substance abuse, infection
Perinatal: birth asphyxia
Post-natal: emotional neglect, lack of stimuli
What is meant by a developmental milestone?
The normal age range where a new skill is acquired
When referring to developmental milestones, median age = …
The age by which 50% of the population has achieved a skill
When referring to developmental milestones, limit age = …
The age by which a child should have developed a skill
2 standard deviations above the median age
What does it mean if a child has not developed a skill by limit age?
Increased probability of a developmental problem
but not definite
What is the difference between chronological, corrected and developmental age?
Chronological age: age from actual birth
Corrected age: age based on original due date (used in premature babies)
Developmental age: age expressed in ones ability to complete a skill
Premature birth should be taken into account for younger developmental age up until what age?
2 years old
Sequence of development between children is usually (the same/different) and rate of development usually (stays the same/varies)
Sequence of development between children is usually THE SAME and rate of development usually VARIES
Motor development procedes in a cephalocaudal direction. T/F?
True
Head control is usually acquired first, then trunk, arms, fingers etc
Give an example of normal variation in development
Crawling
Bear crawl vs bottom shuffle vs commando crawl vs rolling
Describe the following primitive reflexes:
- Sucking and rooting
- Palmar and plantar grasp
- Moro reflex
- ATNR
- Stepping and placing
- Sucking and rooting: turning head and opening mouth to seek out nipple
- Palmar and plantar grasp: will tightly grasp what is placed in their palm
- Moro reflex: baby’s head falls back when startled
- ATNR: asymmetric tonic neck reflex -> when someone turns baby’s head to the side, they extend their arm and leg on that same side, stops them from rolling off of a surface
- Stepping and placing: baby steps onto surface when foot placed on it
When do baby’s lose their primitive relfexes?
After 5-7 months
Which primitive reflex may persist after 7 months in cerebral palsy?
ATNR
What are the 4 areas of development?
Gross motor
Fine motor + vision
Language + hearing
Social behaviour + play
Lots of progress in one area of development will most likely result in lots of progress in the other 3 areas. T/F?
False
If there is lots of progress in one area of development, there will probably be less development in the other areas as the child masters their new skill
Which gross motor skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 14 months 18 months 24-36 months
3 months - Head control 6 months - Sitting balance 9 months - Crawling 12 months - Standing 14 months - Walking 18 months - Running 24-36 months - Climbing stairs
What is the saving/parachute reflex?
The baby sticks out their hand to support their fall when they are pushed/tilted from a sitting position
When does the saving/parachute reflex develop and how long does it last?
~5-6 months of age when the baby learns to sit
Persists throughout life
Ability to crawl (at ~9 months) is helped by which activity?
Tummy-time
Why might learning to crawl be delayed?
Fear following the ‘back to sleep’ campaign -> babies not getting enough time on their tummies
Which fine motor + vision skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 18 months 24 months 36 months 48 months (4 years)
3 months - holds hands in front of face and examines them, follows objects with eyes
6 months - palmar grasps toys
9 months - scissor grasp
12 months - fine pincer grip
18 months - builds tower of bricks
24 months - scribbles
36 months - copies circle
48 months (4 years) - draws simple man
Why does risk of swallowing unwanted objects increase after ~12 months?
This is when fine pincer grip develops
Which hearing + language skills have a median age of... 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 18 months 24 months 36 months 48 months (4 years)
3 months - vocalises
6 months - babbles
9 months - imitates sounds
12 months - knows name
18 months - 5-20 words, points to/recognises body parts and pictures
24 months - 50+ words, simple instructions
36 months - asks questions, complex instructions
48 months (4 years) - can tell stories from experiences
Which social behaviour + play skills have a median age of... 6 weeks 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 18 months 24 months 36 months 48 months (4 years)
6 weeks - social smile
3 months - pleasure on friendly handling
6 months - plays with feet, friendly with strangers
9 months - plays peek-a-boo, stranger awareness
12 months - drinks from cup, waves bye-bye
18 months - feeds with spoon
24 months - symbolic play, puts on some clothes
36 months - ‘pretend’ and interactive play, toilet-trained
48 months (4 years) - understands turn-taking, dresses fully
Why is it concerning if a baby hasn’t developed a social smile by 8 weeks old?
Social smile has a key role in child-parent bonding
Lack of social smile can lead to parents feeling rejected and interacting with the baby less
No social smile by 8 weeks of age may be a sign of which 2 conditions?
Vision problems (can’t see parents properly)
Autism
Feeding with a spoon may develop late (after 18 months) due to…
Parents worried about mess in the house
What is meant by symbolic play?
Carrying out meaningful activities e.g., feeding teddy, walking dog toy, making cup of tea with tea set
What is meant by ‘pretend’ and interactive play?
Plays make-believe and plays with others
Children show awareness of object permanence at ~ 9 months. What does this mean?
They know an object is still there even if they can’t see it
e.g., looking for a toy they have dropped or is covered with a blanket
How long does the health visitors home visiting pathway last?
Up till ~5 years old when the child will continue to be assessed by teachers at school instead
Developmental delay is uncommon nowadays. T/F?
False
What are the 3 patterns of abnormal development?
- Developmental delay
- Development deviation
- Regression of development
Give an example of a condition in each of these abnormal development categories:
-Developmental delay
- Development deviation
- Regression of development
- Developmental delay: Down’s syndrome
- Development deviation: Autism spectrum disorder
- Regression of development: Metabolic disorders e.g., Rett’s syndrome
List the 7 red flags for development
- Asymmetry of movement or tone between body sides
- Not reaching for objects by 6 months
- Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
- Unable to walk or speak by 18 months
- Concern regarding vision or hearing
- Loss of skills
What is global developmental delay?
Significant delay in development of 2 or more of the following skills:
- Gross/fine motor skills
- Speech/language
- Cognition
- Social/personal
- Activities of daily living
List 9 possible causes of global developmental delay
Idiopathic (40%) Genetic e.g., Down's syndrome, fragile X syndrome Metabolic CNS malformation Infection Toxins Prematurity Asphyxia Trauma
What is global developmental delay termed in school age children?
Learning or intellectual disability
The differences in development between those with normal development and those with global developmental delay becomes less apparent with age. T/F?
False
Those with global developmental delay drift further away from the normal with age
What is specific developmental delay?
Significant delay in development of 1 area of the following skills:
- Gross/fine motor skills
- Speech/language
- Cognition
- Social/personal
- Activities of daily living
Name a condition that shows…
- Global developmental delay
- Specific developmental delay
- Global developmental delay: Down’s syndrome
- Specific developmental delay: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (motor delay)
