PA, exercise and mental health (wk9) Flashcards
Describe anxiety
-> Unrealistic and unfounded fear and anxiety. Panic disorder – episodic attacks of acute anxiety, physical symptoms: shortness of breath, dizziness, increased HR, clammy sweat. Anticipatory anxiety – anxiety sensitivity. There are positive effects of exercise/ PA on anxiety. It’s as good as treatment, if not better and the ‘public health dose’ seems to be effective.
Describe depression
-> Pathological state of extreme dejection or melancholy, often with physical symptoms. Reduction in vitality, vigour or spirits. There are associations between anxiety/ depression and PA, sports participation, and sedentary behaviour. Anxiety/ depression associated with sports participation and PA 2 years later. Sports participation associated with depression/ anxiety 2 years later.
What are sedentary behaviours?
+metabolic disorders associated and measuring the behaviour
-Sedentary behaviours -> Linked to all-cause mortality, CV disease mortality, cancer risk, and risks of metabolic disorders.
* Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia
* Musculoskeletal disorders: arthralgia, osteoporosis
* Mental health disorders: depression, cognitive impairment
* Reducing SB and increasing PA – focus of public health
-Measuring sedentary behaviour -> Total amount of sitting. Bouts of sitting time and breaking up sitting time.
What activity counts for PA
-Any activity counts -> No lower threshold for benefits from PA. Most benefits are attained with at least 150-300 minutes of moderate PA per week. Some health benefits are immediate.
Mechanisms that underly associations between PA/ exercise and mental health
-For sedentary behaviour and anxiety and depression
-Sedentary behaviour and anxiety -> Meta-analysis. N = 13 observational studies. Sedentary behaviour associated with increased risk for anxiety. + (Zhai et al. 2015) Meta-analysis of 20 observational studies. Sedentary behaviour associated with increased risk for depression.
-Acute effect of prolonged sitting on profile of mood subscales (POMS) -> Participant mood before and after sitting time (n=59). Acute changes in mood observed; significant increase in fatigue (p=0.02) after the 2 and 4 hours of sitting, a significant decrease in vigour for all three sessions (p=0.04) and the tendency to be less friendly at the end of each session.
-Acute effects of SB in older adults -> Prolonged sitting did not affect physical performance significantly. Sitting for more than 2hr may have potentially deleterious effects on blood pressure and vigour components of mood scale in older adults. Benefits of breaking up long periods of sitting. Need for interventions to support this in older adults to improve CV and metabolic health.
-Exercise interventions can be effective in reducing depressive symptoms
-Public health does seem to be appropriate for reducing depression.
Describe the acute effects of PA on affect
-Includes Liao et al. 2015
-Liao et al. 2015 -> Affective state and subsequent PA – Assessments include positive affect (e.g. alert, enthusiastic, excited) and negative affect )(e.g., irritable, nervous, upset, calmness
* Positive affect predicted subsequent physical activity
* No association between negative affect and physical activity
* Feeling state (i.e., energy, fatigue) – limited and inconclusive evidence
-PA and subsequent affective state:
* PA related to higher positive affect with varying timeframes
* PA and negative affect – mixed an inconclusive finding
* PA and feeling states -> PA can increase feeling of energy and Effects of PA on calmness mixed and inconclusive
Mechanisms that underly associations between PA/ exercise and mental health
-Liao et al. 2017 - Affect and PA + Liao et al. 2017b associations between affect and change in PA
-Liao et al. 2017 -> Affect and PA
* Higher positive affect and lower negative effect -> more MVPA (moderate to physical activity)
* Higher negative affect and energy -> more LPA (lower physical activity)
* Positive and negative affect antecedents of MVPA
* More LPA and MVPA -> more energetic
* More LPA -> more negative effect
-Liao et al. 2017b -> Associations between affect and change in PA
* Feeling more energetic during PA at baseline was associated with an increase in daily MVPA
* Feeling more negative affect during PA at baseline was associated with a decrease in daily MVPA
Mechanisms that underly associations between PA/ exercise and mental health
-Psychological mechanisms
Psychological mechanisms ->
* Perception of symptoms – anxiety sensitivity
* Improvements in appearance of self-perception (body image) from Coniston practicum
* Exercise/PA has benefits for mental health and wellbeing
* Acute and long term exercise/ PA
* Different psychological mechanisms underlying these benefits
What is body image dissatisfaction
-Body image dissatisfaction -> Body dysmorphic disorder – muscle dysmorphia. A distressing or impairing preoccupation with a non-existent or a slight defect in bodily appearance. Body image dissatisfaction is associated with:
* Poor self-esteem
* Depression
* Social anxiety
* Eating disorders
* Exercise dependence
* Health risk behaviours – AAS use
Body image dissatisfaction
-Prevalence, symptoms, muscle dysmorphia
Body image dissatisfaction prevalence = Fallon et al. (2014) – Women = 13.4%-31.8% and Men = 9.0%-28.4%. Plateaus or declines over time -> little increase in prevalence/ a little decrease vs previous studies.
Body image dissatisfaction – predisposing factors:
* Poor body image may increase motivation to participate in PA and sports (Andersen and Fawkner, 2005) – source of dissatisfaction not alleviated
* Expectations raised to a higher level than what is achievable (Pope et al., 2017) – social media (smoke and mirrors)
* Comparing to others = negative evaluation
* Reinforcement for bad coaching behaviour – coaches dwelling on bodily appearances
* Psychosocial and cultural factors – minority males (Frederick & Essayli, 2016) and adverse childhood experiences (Boulter et al., 2023; Gruber & Pope, 1999)
-Body dissatisfaction – symptoms -> Tod et al. (2016) Literature review. Manifest ~19.5 years. Spend > 3hrs/day thinking about changing appearance. Exercise and dietary regimes interfere with lifestyle. Avoidance of social activities. Body monitory/camouflaging behaviours. Bulimia. Anorexia nervosa.
-Body image dissatisfaction – Muscle dysmorphia -> ‘Bogorexia’ or ‘reverse anorexia nervosa’. Pre-occupation that one’s body is insufficiently lean or muscular. Look ‘puny’ or ‘small’. Actuality = unusually muscular. Different to body image disorders as it focuses on muscularity.
Eating disorder explanation
- Anorexia nervosa -> Relentless drive for thinness with a fear of gaining body weight
- Bulimia -> Characterised by binge eating followed by methods to avoid weight gain
ED
-Prevalence, predisposing factors, symptoms
-ED prevalence -> Between 15-62% within sports (Arthur-Cameselle & Quatromoni, 2010). Between 0.5-3% in non-female athletes (Brownell et al., 1992)
-ED predisposing factors -> Female athletes more at risk than non-athletes (Hinton & Kubas, 2010). 90% of ED patients seeking medical care = female (Smink et al., 2012) + can affect males too. ‘Thin-build’ sports are at a greater risk than non-athletes. Being an athlete increases risk of ED.
-ED symptoms -> Oral/ dental, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neuropsychiatric, cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, dermatological, renal
Exercise dependence explanation and symptoms
-Exercise dependence -> No single definition. ‘Maladaptive pattern of exercise leading to clinically significant impairment or distress’ (APAP, 1994). Diagnosed when > (or equal) 3 symptoms present:
1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. Intention effects
4. Loss of control
5. Time
6. Conflict
7. Continuance
Exercise dependence
-Prevalence, predisposing factors, overtraining + overtraining interventions
-Exercise dependence prevalence -> Relatively rare, however:
* 3.2% exercisers (habitual) vs 0.5% general population
* 6.9% in sport science students (Szabo & Griffiths, 2007)
* 22% in runners
* 50% increased risk in competitive runners vs non runners (Smith et al., 2010)
-Exercise dependence predisposing factors -> ‘Runner’s high’ – thought to be associated with the ‘withdrawal’ component. Positive affect: joy, euphoria, limitless energy, increased wellbeing, reduced pain.
-Exercise dependence – Nogueira et al. (2018) -> Reviewed 25 studies. Two major risk factors for ED were:
* Obsessive passion – relentless pursuit on an activity/ act that someone is passionate about
* Dedication to sports activities – utilising sport to alleviate other addictive behaviours
-Exercise dependence over training -> Performance decrements. Loss of motivation. Down-regulation of immune function. Increased risk to infection.
-Overtraining interventions -> Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (Knapp et al., 2023). Help people react rationally to situations that would cause negative affect. Manage emotions, thoughts and behaviours in a healthier way.
Burnout explanation
+ intense demands and models of burnout
-Burnout -> ‘A physical, emotional, and social withdrawal from a formely enjoybale sport activity’. Characterised by:
* Physical and emotional exhaustion
* Low self-esteem and personal accomplishment
* Feelings of failure and depression
* Depersonalisationa and devalutaion
Intense demands -> chronic stress -> burnout. Prevalance ranges from 1-5% in athletes (Eklund & Cresswell, 2007)
-Models of burnout -> Six models have been proposed
1. Cognitive-affective stress model
2. Negative-training stress reponse model
3. Unidimensional identify development and external control model
4. Commitement and entrapment theory
5. Self-determination theory
6. Integrated model of athlete burnout
