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Year 10 - Physics > P7: Radioactivity > Flashcards

P7: Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

What can protons and neutrons be described as?

A

Nucleons

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2
Q

Approximately what radius does an atom have?

A

1 x 10 ^ -10

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3
Q

What is the radius of the nucleus of the atom?

A

1/10,000 of the radius of the atom

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4
Q

If an atom is exposed to _____ radiation and the conditions are just right for the atom to ___ the radiation, electrons become _____.

A

Electromagnetic
Absorb
Excited

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5
Q

If an atom released some ______ radiation the electrons can ____, closer to the nucleus often releasing ____.

A

Electromagnetic
Fall back down
Light

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6
Q

What did John dalton discover?

A

The solid sphere model- he stated that atoms are indivisible.

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7
Q

What did JJ Thompson discover?

A

The plum pudding model - discovered electrons in atoms. The model shows the atom as composed of electrons scattered throughout a spherical cloud of positive charge

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8
Q

What did Neils Bohr discover?

A

Planetary model - modified Rutherford model by stating that electrons moved around the nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies.

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9
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

Nuclear model - fired positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Realised positive charge was localised in the nucleus of an atom.

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10
Q

What did Erwin Schrödinger discover?

A

Quantum model - stated that electrons don’t move in set paths around the nucleus, but in waves.

Shows electrons don’t move around the nucleus in orbits, but in clouds where their position is uncertain.

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11
Q

What does nuclear radiation mean?

A

When an atom has too much energy, it’s considered to be unstable. To become stable it needs to release the extra energy, this is radiation.

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12
Q

What is an isotope?

A

an atom of an element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

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13
Q

What are the 3 different ways radiation can be released as?

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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14
Q

Why is range useful?

A

it tells us how far the radiation can travel in a certain substance.

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15
Q

Why is penetration useful?

A

it tells us what objects the radiation can travel through.

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16
Q

Why is ionisation useful?

A

it occurs when an atom loses an electron, it is often knocked off after a collision.

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17
Q

Does alpha radiation travel through air?

A

no

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18
Q

Does alpha radiation get stopped by air?

A

yes

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19
Q

Does beta radiation travel through air?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Does beta radiation get stopped by air?

A

no

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21
Q

Does gamma radiation travel through air?

A

yes

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22
Q

Does gamma radiation get stopped by air?

A

yes

23
Q

What happens during alpha radiation?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons are emitted from the nucleus

24
Q

What happens if alpha radiation contacts your organs?

A

you die

25
Q

What happens during beta radiation?

A

a neutron turns into a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted and this is the beta particle.

26
Q

What happens during gamma radiation?

A

gamma radiation releases energy in the form of a wave. This is called a gamma ray (photon) and it does not change the composition of the atom at all, just slightly reduces its energy.

27
Q

What is penetration power?

A

The ability of the types of radiation to penetrate different substances is solely dependent on their mass.

28
Q

What is the order of penetration power with the different radiations?

A

Gamma, Beta, Alpha

29
Q

Alpha has a range of less than ____cm in air and is stopped by ___ and ____.

A

5
skin
paper

30
Q

Beta has a range of approximately __m in air and is stopped by __mm of _____.

A

1
3
aluminium

31
Q

Gamma has an ______ range in air and is stopped by a sheet of ____or metres of _____.

A

infinite
lead
concrete

32
Q

What is background radiation?

A

radiation that is found in small quantities all around us and originates from mostly natural sources.

33
Q

Give some examples of background radiation.

A

cosmic rays, medical, ground and buildings, nuclear power, radon, food and drink (bananas - Potassium)

34
Q

What is the UK average annual dose?

A

2.7mSv

35
Q

What is the decay process?

A

when a group of radioactive atoms are decaying, it’s a totally RANDOM process.

36
Q

What is activity?

A

the activity of a radioactive nuclei is the rate at which the source decays.

37
Q

What is activity measured in?

A

Becquerel (Bq)

38
Q

What is count rate?

A

the number of counts measured each second by a detector.

39
Q

What are safety precautions when dealing with radiation?

A

Students at a safe distance.
Using handling tools to help increase distance for the person using the radiation.
Spending as little time as possible in high risk areas.
Shielding by standing behind thick concrete barriers/ thick lead plate.

40
Q

What is the mass and atomic number for alpha?

A

Mass number (top number) - 4
Atomic number (bottom number) - 2

41
Q

What is the mass and atomic number for Beta?

A

Mass number (top number) - 0
Atomic number (bottom number) - -1

42
Q

What is the mass and atomic number for Gamma?

A

Mass number (top number) - 0
Atomic number (bottom number) - 0

43
Q

What is the definition of half life?

A

The time taken for half of the unstable nuclei to decay.

44
Q

Why is half life important?

A

It tells us how long something will remain radioactive.

45
Q

Give an example of long half life.

A

Fuel in a nuclear reactor.
Source for education in school.
Smoke alarm.

46
Q

Give an example of short half life.

A

Radioactive medical tracers.
Cancer treatment.

47
Q

What is plasma?

A

A state of matter containing atoms with no electrons. The electrons have received so much energy that they can overcome the electrostatic attraction to the nucleus.

48
Q

What are the conditions needed for nuclear fusion to occur?

A

High pressure which leads to very high heat.

49
Q

What are the products of fusion?

A

Helium and releasing energy

50
Q

Where does most of the earth energy come from?

A

The sun

51
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

The joining of 2 atomic nuclei to make a new larger nucleus.

52
Q

What are some advantages of using nuclear fusion as an energy source?

A

Can produce lots of energy by using small amounts of water with no waste.

Leaks would be quickly diluted.

Unlimited clean energy.

53
Q

What are some disadvantages of using nuclear fusion as an energy source?

A

Very expensive to build and research.

Helium 3 is rare. Materials are rare and hard to store.

Unproven technology.

Year 10 - Physics (6 decks)

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