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Physics > P6- Waves > Flashcards

P6- Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a wave transfer

A

Energy from one place to another

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2
Q

What causes a wave

A

A vibration

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3
Q

What is the definition of a transverse

A

The vibration causing a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of travel wave is parallel

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4
Q

What is the definition of a longitudinal wave

A

The vibration causing a longitudinal wave is parallel to the direction of travel of the wave

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5
Q

Give three examples of longitudinal waves

A

Sound, ultrasound and primary earthquake (p) waves

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6
Q

Give three examples of transverse waves

A

Water waves, all Em waves and secondary earthquake(s) waves

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7
Q

What is a compression

A

A compression is when particles in a longitudinal wave are closest together

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8
Q

What is a rarefaction

A

A rarefaction is when particles in a longitudinal wave are furthest apart

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9
Q

What is the amplitude

A

The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position

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10
Q

What is the wavelength

A

The distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave

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11
Q

What is the frequency

A

The number of waves passing a point each second

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12
Q

What are the units of wave speed, wavelength and frequency

A

Wave speed-m/s, wavelength-m, frequency - Hz

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13
Q

What is the wave speed equation

A

v= f x λ Speed = Wavelength x Frequency

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14
Q

What speed do EM waves travel at

A

300 000 000 m/s

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15
Q

What speed does sound travel at

A

330 m/s

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16
Q

List the EM waves in order from longest to shortest wavelength

A

Radio, microwave, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, x-ray, gamma

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17
Q

Which EM wave has the highest frequency

A

Gamma

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18
Q

which EM wave has the most energy

A

Gamma

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19
Q

Which three EM waves are ionising

A

Ultra-violet, x-ray and gamma

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20
Q

What happens when light travels from air into a glass block

A

It refracts towards the normal as glass is more dense than air

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21
Q

What happens when light travels from a glass block into air

A

It refracts away from the normal as air is less dense than glass

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22
Q

What is the law of reflection

A

The angle if incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

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23
Q

What is the danger of ultra-violet light

A

Can cause skin to age prematurely and increase the risk of skin cancer

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24
Q

What is the danger of X-rays and gamma ray

A

X- rays and gamma rays are ionising radiation that can cause the mutation of genes and cancer

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25
Q

What are radio waves used for

A

Television and radio transmission

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26
Q

What are microwaves use for

A

Satellite communication ( as they can travel through ionosphere) and for cooking food

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27
Q

What is infra-red used for

A

Electrical heaters, cooking food and infrared cameras

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28
Q

What is visible light used for

A

Fibre optic communications (and our vision)

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29
Q

What is ultra-violet used for

A

energy efficient lamps, sun tanning

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30
Q

What are X-rays used for

A

Medical imaging and security scanning

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31
Q

What are gamma rays used for

A

Medical treatment (radiotherapy)

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32
Q

What is the equation for time (waves)

A

1 ÷ f (Hz)

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33
Q

What are the two types of waves?

A
  1. Transverse

2. Longitudinal

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34
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

A wave for which the oscillations are
perpendicular to the direction of energy
transfer.

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35
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

A wave for which the oscillations are
parallel to the direction of energy
transfer.

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36
Q

Give two examples of transverse waves.

A
  1. Electromagnetic waves

2. Seismic s-waves

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37
Q

Give two examples of longitudinal waves.

A
  1. Sound waves

2. Seismic p-waves

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38
Q

What are the two parts of a longitudinal wave called?

A

Compressions and rarefactions.

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39
Q

What is a wave’s amplitude?

A

The maximum displacement of a point

on a wave from its undisturbed position.

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40
Q

What is wavelength?

A 
● The distance from a point on a wave to
the same position on the adjacent
wave
● Most commonly peak to peak or
trough to trough
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41
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

The number of waves that pass a given

point each second.

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42
Q

What is the unit used for frequency?

A

Hertz, Hz

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43
Q

What is meant by a frequency of 200Hz?

A

200 waves pass a given point each

second

44
Q

What is wave speed?

A

The speed at which the wave moves or
at which energy is transferred through a
medium.

45
Q

What does a wave transfer?

A

Energy

46
Q

State the equation used to calculate wave speed.

Give appropriate units.

A

Wave Speed = Frequency x Wavelength
Speed (m/s), Frequency (Hz),
Wavelength (m)

47
Q

What word is used to describe when a wave

bounces off a surface?

A

Reflection

48
Q

How do sound waves travel through a solid?

A

The particles in the solid vibrate and
transfer kinetic energy through the
material.

49
Q

What is the frequency range of human hearing?

A

20 Hz - 20kHz

1kHz = 1000 Hz

50
Q

What are ultrasound waves?

A

Waves which have a frequency higher
than the upper limit of human hearing
(20kHz)

51
Q

Give an example use for ultrasound waves?

A

Medical or industrial imaging.

52
Q

What natural event causes seismic waves to be

produced? What types are produced?

A

● Earthquakes
● They produce both P-waves and
S-waves

53
Q

State a difference between the mediums that

P-waves and S-waves can travel through.

A

● P-waves travel through both solids and
liquids
● S-waves only travel through solids
(not liquids)

54
Q

What technique is used to detect objects in deep

water and measure water depth?

A

● Echo sounding
● High frequency sound waves are emitted,
reflected and detected
● Time difference between emission and detection,
alongside wave speed, are used to calculate
distances

55
Q

What type of spectrum do electromagnetic waves

form?

A

A continuous spectrum.

56
Q

Order the types of electromagnetic radiation from

lowest to highest frequency.

A 
● Radio waves
● Microwaves
● Infrared
● Visible Light
● Ultraviolet
● X-rays
● Gamma Rays
57
Q

How do the speeds of EM radiation differ in a

vacuum and in air?

A

Electromagnetic waves all travel at the

same speed in a vacuum and in air

58
Q

What property of waves in different mediums causes

refraction?

A

● Velocity
● Wave speed is slower in denser
materials, causing refraction

59
Q

In which direction (relative to the normal) do waves

refract when entering a denser medium?

A

● They bend towards the normal
● The angle of refraction is less than the
angle of incidence

60
Q

What type of waves can be produced by oscillations

in an electrical circuit?

A

Radio waves.

61
Q

How can radio waves create an alternating current in

a circuit?

A

When radio waves are absorbed, they
can induce oscillations in a circuit with
the same frequency as the waves
themselves.

62
Q

Where do gamma rays originate from

A

They originate from changes in the

nuclei of atoms.

63
Q

What health effects can ultraviolet waves cause

A

● They can cause the skin to age
prematurely
● The can increase the risk of
developing skin cancer

64
Q

What health effects can X-rays and Gamma rays

cause

A

● They are ionising radiation so can
cause mutations in genes
● They can lead to increased risk of
developing various cancers

65
Q

Give three practical uses for infrared radiation

A
  1. Electrical heaters
  2. Cooking food
  3. Infrared cameras
66
Q

Give two practical uses for microwave radiation

A
  1. Satellite communications

2. Cooking food

67
Q

Give two practical uses for radio waves

A
  1. Television transmission

2. Radio transmission

68
Q

What wave phenomenon is used by lenses to form

an image?

A

Refraction.

69
Q

How does a convex lens form an image?

A

Parallel rays of light are refracted and
brought together at a point known as the
principal focus.

70
Q

What is meant by the focal length of a lens?

A

The distance from the lens to the

principal focus

71
Q

What is the difference between the image produced

by a convex and a concave lens?

A

● Convex lenses can produce real or
virtual images
● Concave lenses can only produce
virtual images

72
Q

Why does magnification not have a unit?

A

● It is the ratio between image height
and object height
● Ratios do not require units

73
Q

What determines the colour of visible light waves

A

The wavelength and frequency of the

light waves.

74
Q

What colour of visible light has the highest

frequency?

A

Blue

75
Q

What colour of visible light has the largest

wavelength?

A

Red

76
Q

What is meant by the term ‘specular reflection’

A

Reflection from a smooth surface in a

single direction.

77
Q

What is meant by the term ‘diffuse reflection’?

A

Reflection from a rough surface which

causes scattering.

78
Q

How does a red colour filter work?

A 
● A red filter absorbs all wavelengths of
light other than those in the red range
of the spectrum
● This means only red light passes
through the filter
79
Q

What determines the colour of an opaque object

A 
● Different objects reflect different
wavelengths of light by different
amounts
● The wavelengths that are most
strongly reflected determine the colour
80
Q

What happens to the wavelengths of light that aren’t

reflected by an opaque object?

A

Any wavelengths that aren’t reflected are

absorbed by the object.

81
Q

What colour does an object appear if all wavelengths

are reflected by equal amounts

A

White

82
Q

What colour does an object appear if all wavelengths

are absorbed?

A

Black

83
Q

What do all bodies (objects) emit and absorb?

A

Infrared radiation

84
Q

What happens to the quantity of infrared radiation

emitted by an object as temperature increases?

A

The hotter the object, the more infrared

radiation it will emit.

85
Q

What is a perfect black body

A

An object that absorbs all of the radiation

that is incident upon it.

86
Q

How much radiation does a perfect black body

reflect or transmit

A

None.

87
Q

Why is a perfect black body the best possible emitter

of radiation?

A

● It is a perfect absorber since it absorbs
all radiation incident on it
● A perfect absorber is also a perfect
emitter

88
Q

Other than the intensity of radiation emitted, how
does increasing the temperature of an object affect
its emissions?

A

The wavelength distribution of any
emission is dependent on the object’s
temperature.

89
Q

What can be said about the rates of emission and

absorption for a body at constant temperature

A

The body is absorbing and emitting

radiation at the same rate

90
Q

What can be said about the rates of emission and

absorption for a body increasing in temperature

A

The body is absorbing radiation faster

than it is emitting it

91
Q

Give two factors that affect the temperature of the

Earth.

A
  1. The Earth’s rate of absorption and
    emission of radiation
  2. The amount of reflection of radiation
    into space
92
Q

Define a perfect black body

A

An object that absorbs al of the radiation that hits it

93
Q

A white star expands and its surface appears redder in colour. Describe how the surface temperature of the star has changed

A

The radiation emitted covers a large range of wavelengths

94
Q

Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun affects the temperature of the Earth. Explain, with respect to the radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth, how the temperature of the Earth remains approximately constant (6)

A

○ During the day, the half of the Earth which is facing the Sun is hit by radiation emitted by the sun
○ Some of this radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface
○ Because of this, the amount of radiation absorbed during the day is greater than the amount that is emitted
○ This causes an increase in local temperature
○ The half of the Earth which is facing away from the Sun has no radiation from the Sun hitting it - it is night time.
○ This half of the Earth absorbs very little radiation but emits radiation at its usual rate
○ So at night time radiation is emitted at a much higher rate than it is absorbed.
○ This causes a decrease in local temperature
○ Throughout each full cycle of day and night, one half of the Earth will be increasing in temperature and the other half will be decreasing in temperature
○ Overall, these local temperature changes balance out, and so the average temperature of the Earth remains roughly constant

95
Q

How do lenses focus light

A

By refracting

96
Q

Lenses can make images smaller or bigger. This is called …

A

Magnification

97
Q

Lenses can be inverted (make them _)

A

Upside down

98
Q

Lenses can make_or _images

A

Real

Virtual

99
Q

What does real mean (in terms of lenses)

A

Can be projected onto a surface

100
Q

What does virtual mean (in terms of lenses)

A

Cannot be projected onto a surface

101
Q

What is white light made up of

A

Al the colours on the colour spectrum

102
Q

_refracts the least and has the _ wavelength

A

Red

Longest

103
Q

What is dispersion

A

When we can see the individual colours in the spectrum

104
Q

Coloured objects only _ their own colour light

A

Reflect

105
Q

Explain how ultrasonic waves are used to produce the image of an unborn baby

A

(partly) reflected when they hit a (boundary between two) different media
or substance or tissue
time taken for reflected wave (to return) is used to produce the image

106
Q

Give a use for ultrasounds that isn’t to do with a baby

A 
cleaning a delicate mechanism/jewellery 
welding plastics
 cutting textiles
 mixing emulsion paints
 sonar
 motion sensors (in burglar alarms)
removing dental plaque
 industrial quality control
 breaking up kidney stones
 treating injuries
107
Q

Ultrasound can be used in the industry for detecting internal cracks in metal. State two features of ultrasound

A

• humans cannot hear ultrasound
• it has a very high frequency / pitch
do not credit just ‘has a high frequency / pitch’
• above the (upper) limit for humans / above 20 000 Hz

Physics (8 decks)

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