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P1- Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy transferred by?

A

Energy stores

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2
Q

What are the eight energy stores?

A

Thermal energy stores Chemical energy stores
Kinetic energy stores Magnetic energy stores
Gravitational potential energy stores Electrostatic energy stores
Elastic potential energy stores Nuclear energy stores

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3
Q

What is it meant by system?

A

Single object or a group of objects

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4
Q

What happens when a system changes?

A

Energy is transfered

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5
Q

What are closed systems?

A

Systems where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave.

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6
Q

What is the net change in a closed system?

A

Zero

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7
Q

What is meant by work done?

A

Energy transferred

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8
Q

What is the initial force exerted by a person throwing a ball upwards?

A

Chemical

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9
Q

What is a ball dropped from a height accelerated by?

A

Gravity

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10
Q

What energy does a moving object have?

A

Kinetic energy

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11
Q

What two things does kinetic energy store depend on?

A

Mass & speed

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12
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

A

E (j) =1/2 x mass(kg) x velocity^2 (m/s)

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13
Q

What does movement mean?

A

Energy in an object’s kinetic energy store

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14
Q

If something is moving what energy store does it have?

A

Kinetic energy

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15
Q

What changes the amount of kinetic an object has?

A

Mass and speed

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16
Q

How does the mass of an object change its speed?

A

The greater the mass the greater the speed

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17
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

e=1/2mass x velocity(speed)^2

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18
Q

What energy store does a raised object have?

A

Gravitational potential

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19
Q

What does lifting an object in a gravitational field require?

A

Work

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20
Q

How does the height of an object change the gravitational potential energy?

A

The higher the object the more gravitational potential energy

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21
Q

What impacts an object in a g.p.e energy store?

A
  • Mass
  • Height
  • strength of the gravitational field the object is in
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22
Q

Do falling objects also transfer energy?

A

Yes

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23
Q

When an object is falling what is the energy transfers?

A

Gravitational potential energy store is transferred to its kinetic energy store

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24
Q

In real life do all falling objects have air resistance?

A

Yes

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25
Q

(For a falling object where there is no air resistance) Energy lost from the g.p.e store=?

A

Energy gained in the kinetic energy store

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26
Q

What can stretching transfer the energy into?

A

Elastic potential energy stores

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27
Q

What can stretching or squashing transfer energy into?

A

Elastic potential energy

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28
Q

Elastic potential(j) =

A

1/2 spring constant (N/m)x extension^2(m)

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29
Q

Do all materials have the same specific heat capacities?

A

No

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30
Q

If a material needs lots of energy to gain heat does it mean it also transfers lots of energy to cool down?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Define specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg by 1 degree celsius

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32
Q

What is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A

Change in thermal energy (j)= mass(kg) x specific heat capacity(j/kg degrees celcius)

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33
Q

What equipment do you need to investigate specific heat capacity?

A
  • A solid material(e.g copper) with two holes in it
  • Heater
  • Thermometer
  • Ammeter
  • Power supply
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34
Q

Can energy be destroyed?

A

No

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35
Q

What is the conservation of energy principle?

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but can never be destroyed

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36
Q

When energy is transferred between stores is all of the energy transferred usefully?

A

No

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37
Q

What is the word used to describe what happens to energy that isn’t transferred usefully?

A

Dissipated/ waste energy

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38
Q

Is a mobile phone a system?

A

Yes

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39
Q

When you use a phone how is energy usefully transferred into battery?

A

Chemical energy

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40
Q

What is an example of dissipated energy in a mobile phone?

A

Thermal energy

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41
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A type of thermodynamic system where mass is conserved within the boundaries of the system, but energy is allowed to freely enter or exit the system.

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42
Q

What is power ‘the rate of’

A

‘Rate of doing work’/’Rate of energy transfer’

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43
Q

What is power measured in?

A

Watts

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44
Q

One watt=

A

1 joule of energy transferred per second

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45
Q

Powe (w)=

A

Energy transferred(j)/time(s) or work done(j)/time(s)

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46
Q

Where does conduction occur?

A

In solids

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47
Q

What is conduction the process of?

A

Vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles

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48
Q

If something is transferred to an object by heating what store does it go to?

A

Thermal wich is shared across the kinetic energy stores of the particles in the object

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49
Q

Do the particles in an object that is being heated vibrate more and collide with each other?

A

Yes

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50
Q

What energy do colliding particles cause to be transferred between each other?

A

Kinetic

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51
Q

Where does convection occur?

A

Liquids and gases

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52
Q

What happens in convection?

A

Energetic particles move away from hotter to colder regions

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53
Q

How is energy transferred in convection?

A

By heating to the thermal store of the liquid or gas. The energy is shared across the kinetic energy stores of the liquid or gas particles

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54
Q

Are the particles in solids able to move?

A

No

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55
Q

Are the particles in liquids able to move?

A

Yes

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56
Q

Are the particles in gasses able to move?

A

Yes

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57
Q

What happens to the particles in a region that are heated up in a liquid?

A

They move faster

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58
Q

What happens to the gaps in between the particles

when a liquid or solid is heated?

A

They increase

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59
Q

Does the density of a gas or liquid increase when it is heated?

A

No

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60
Q

Radiators create convection..?

A

Currents

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61
Q

How is energy transferred from a radiator to nearby air particles?

A

Conduction

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62
Q

Where does warm air go?

A

Up

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63
Q

What are ways u can reduce the amount of energy scampering off to a completely useless store?

A

Lubricant and thermal insulators

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64
Q

What does lubricant do?

A

Reduce frictional force

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65
Q

Whenever something moves how many fictional forces act against it?

A

At least one

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66
Q

What do insulators reduce the rate of?

A

Energy transferred by heat

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67
Q

What are things you can do to reduce the amount of energy that escapes the house?

A

-Have thick walls. The thicker the walls are the lower their thermal conductivity the slower the rate of energy transfer( so the building will cool more slowly

  • Cavity walls which have an inner and outer walls which have a gap in between
  • Loft insulation
  • Double-glazing windows
  • Draught excluders around doors and windows reduce energy transfers by convection
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68
Q

Do most energy transfers involve some waste energy?

A

Yes

69
Q

What is the main useless energy store?

A

Thermal energy

70
Q

The less energy wasted what is the product?

A

More efficient

71
Q

How can you improve the efficiency of an object?

A
  • Insulating
  • Lubricating
  • Streamline
72
Q

What is the equation for efficiency?=

A

Useful output energy/Total input energy transfer or useful power output/total power output

73
Q

Is any device 100% efficient?

A

No (apart from electric heaters because all the energy is transferred into useful thermal energy stores

74
Q

What are energy stores (renewable and non-renewable) generated to make?

A

Electricity

75
Q

What are the three main fossil fuels?

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • (natural) Gas
76
Q

What are 7 renewable resources?

A
  • Wind
  • Water waves Hydro-electricity
  • The sun (solar)
  • Bio-fuel
  • Tides
  • Geothermal
77
Q

Do most renewable reasources damage the environment?

A

Yes but it is less nasty then non-renewable ways

78
Q

What are non-renewable energy resources for transport?

A
  • Petrol and diesel use fuel created by from oil

- Coal

79
Q

What are renewable energy resources for transport?

A

Bio-fuels

80
Q

What are non-renewable energy resources for heating?

A
  • Natural gas
  • Coal
  • Electric heaters
81
Q

What are non-renewable energy resources for heating?

A
  • Geothermal
  • Solar water heaters
  • Bio-fuel
82
Q

Where are turbines often placed?

A

Moors or around coasts

83
Q

Where does the pollution come from in wind turbines?

A

When the are being manufactured

84
Q

How many turbines do you need to replace 1 coal fire?

A

1500, which spoils scenery

85
Q

What are cons of wind power?

A
  • Spoils views
  • You need a lot of wind power for the same amount of energy as non-renewable resources
  • It isn’t always wind ( they only produce energy 70-85% of the time)
  • The initial cost is high
86
Q

What are pros of wind power?

A
  • It is renewable
  • There are no fuel costs and minimal running costs
  • There’s no permanent damage to the landscape
87
Q

What are pros to solar power?

A
  • They are often the best option to be used in calculators and watches which don’t use much energy
  • There’s no pollution
  • In sunny countries it is a very reliable source
  • Once it has started running the cost is basically nothing
  • They can also be used in cloudy countries
88
Q

What are cons of solar power?

A
  • They only run at day time
  • You can’t increase the energy output for extra demand
  • The initial costs are high
89
Q

Where is geothermal energy available?

A

In volcanic areas or where hot rocks lie near the surface?

90
Q

Does geothermal energy damage the environment?

A

No very much

91
Q

What is the main drawback of geothermal energy?

A

there aren’t many sustainable locations for power plants, and that the cost of building a power plant is often high compared to the amount of energy it produces

92
Q

What kind of water does hydroelectric power use?

A

Falling

93
Q

What does hydroelectric power use, flooding…

A

Valley by building or big damn

94
Q

Is there any pollution with hydroelectric power?

A

No

95
Q

What is a negative impact that hydroelectric power has on the environment?

A
  • Due to the flooding of the valley rooting vegetation releases methane and C02.
  • Possible loss of habitat
96
Q

How fast can hydroelectric power respond to increased demand?

A

Almost immediately

97
Q

Are the initial costs high for hydroelectric power?

A

Yes

98
Q

Are there any fuel costs to hydroelectric power?

A

No

99
Q

Are the running costs high for hydroelectric power?

A

No

100
Q

Is hydroelectric power good for big areas?

A

No

101
Q

What is wave power?

A

Lots of little wave-powered turbines

102
Q

Where are lots of little wave-powered turbines located?

A

By the coast

103
Q

What are cons to wave power?

A
  • Disrupting seabeds and habitats
  • Spoiling the view
  • Hazard to boats
  • They are a bit unreliable
  • Initial costs are high
  • Can’t provide energy on a large scale
104
Q

What are pros to wave power?

A

-It can be very useful
-No pollution
-

105
Q

What are tidal barrages?

A

Big dams built across river estuaries, with turbines in them. As the tide comes in it fills up the estuary. The water is then allowed out through turbines at a controlled speed?

106
Q

How are the tides produced in wave power?

A

The gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon

107
Q

What are the main problems of tidal barrages?

A

Preventing free access by boats, spoiling the view and altering the habitat of wildlife

108
Q

Are thwle tides reliable for energy?

A

Yes

109
Q

Can the height of the tide variable?

A

Yes, this is a drawback because lower (neap) tides will provide significantly less energy than bigger ‘spring’ tides.

110
Q

What are additional costs to tidal barrages?

A

Minimal running costs

111
Q

Are the initial costs high of tidal barrages?

A

Yes

112
Q

Are there fuel costs with tidal barrages?

A

Yes

113
Q

What are brio-fuels made from?

A

Plants and waste

114
Q

Are bio-fuels renewable?

A

Yes

115
Q

Are bio-fuels carbon neutral?

A

Yes

116
Q

Are bio-fuels reliable?

A

Yes

117
Q

Can bio-fuels respond to immediate demands?

A

No

118
Q

Is there a cost to refine bio-fuels?

A

Yes, it ‘s high

119
Q

Do bio-fuels produce CO2?

A

Yes

120
Q

Can bio-fuels cause a loss of habitat?

A

Yes

121
Q

Are fossil fuels reliable?

A

Yes

122
Q

Is nuclear energy reliable?

A

Yes

123
Q

Is running a nuclear power plant expensive?

A

No

124
Q

Is the cost of setting up a nuclear power plant expensive?

A

Yes

125
Q

Is extracting nuclear energy expensive?

A

No

126
Q

What are 7 disadvantages of non-renewable energy?

A
  1. Coal, oil and gas release CO2 into the atmosphere when they’re burned. This creates the greenhouse gas effect
  2. Burning coal and oil causes realeses sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain- which can be harmful to trees and soils and can have far-reaching effects in ecosystems
  3. Coal mining makes a mess of the land scale, especially “open cast mining”. As with many energy resources, the view can be spoilt by fossil fuel power plants
  4. Oil spillages cays serious environmental problems, affecting mammals and birds that live in and around the sea
  5. Nuclear power is clean but the nucleur waste is very dangerous and difficult to dispose of
  6. Nuclear fuel is cheap but the overall cost of nuclear power is high
  7. Nuclear power always carries the risk of a major catastophe
127
Q

Where is most of our energy from?

A

Fossil fuels and nuclear energy

128
Q

Why are energy providers to use renewable energy sources?

A

Fossil fuels are more cost efficient

129
Q

Describe the energy transfers that occur when a liquid is heated using equipment

A

The current flowing throughthe immersion heaterdoes work The current flowing through the immersion heater does work, transferring energy electrically to the thermal energy store of the immersion heater. It is then transferred from the thermal energy of the immersion heater to the thermal energy store of the liqued

130
Q

Define wasted energy

A

Energy transferred to a less useful energy store

131
Q

State the units for Specific Heat

Capacity.

A

J/°C/kg

Joules/Degree Celsius/Kilogram

132
Q

What is the definition of ‘Power’?

A

The rate at which energy is transferred

or rate at which work is done

133
Q

State two equations for power. Give SI units for all

quantities involved.

A

ower = energy transferred/time
power = work done/time
Energy (J), Work Done (J), Time (s)

134
Q

What is the unit of power?

A

Watt (W)

135
Q

Two motors lift the same mass through
the same height. Motor A does this in
half the time of Motor B. Which
dissipates the most power?

A

Motor A.
The energy transferred is the same but
the time taken is less (P=E/t).

136
Q

Describe the energy changes involved when a ball is
thrown upwards and then returns to its starting
position. Ignore air resistance.

A

● Upwards: KE is converted to GPE
● Peak: Maximum GPE, zero KE
● Downwards: GPE is converted to KE
KE (Kinetic Energy), GPE (Gravitational Potential Energy)

137
Q

Describe the energy transfers for a bungee jumper.

A

● When falling, the GPE is converted to KE of
jumper
● As the cord tightens, KE is converted and
stored as Elastic Potential Energy (EPE)
● At lowest point, the jumper’s initial GPE
equals the EPE stored in the cord

138
Q

Explain why a bungee jumper slows down once the

cord begins to stretch.

A

● Kinetic energy decreases since it is
converted to elastic potential energy
● Since KE is proportional to (velocity)²,
as KE decreases, so does velocity.

139
Q

Give examples of chemical energy stores.

A

● Food
● Fuel (eg. wood, coal, petrol)
● Batteries

140
Q

State 4 different stores of energy.

A
  1. Kinetic Energy
  2. Gravitational Potential Energy
  3. Elastic Potential Energy
  4. Chemical Energy
141
Q

State the law of energy conservation.

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed
(it can only be transferred into different
forms).

142
Q

State any changes in the total energy of
a ball that is kicked, assuming that no
external forces act.

A

The total energy of the system remains
constant due to the conservation of
energy

143
Q

What is waste energy?

A

The energy that is not used by the device

for its desired purpose.

144
Q

Describe the energy changes that occur

in a filament light-bulb.

A

● Electrical energy is transferred into
light and heat energy
● Light is a useful energy form, heat is
waste energy

145
Q

State two equations to calculate

efficiency.

A

=Useful Output Energy Transfer/Total
Input Energy Transfer
=Useful Power Output/Total Power
Output

146
Q

How can the efficiency of a system be

increased?

A
  1. Reducing waste output (by
    lubrication, thermal insulation etc.)
  2. Recycling waste output (eg. recycling
    thermal waste energy as input energy)
147
Q

State the consequence for energy transfer of a

material with a igh thermal conductivity.

A

The rate of energy transfer through the
material is higher than for a material with
a lower thermal conductivity

148
Q

Do double-glazed windows have a higher or lower

thermal conductivity than single-glazed windows?

A

Lower, meaning less energy transfers

through them.

149
Q

What key factors affect the rate of cooling of a

building?

A

● The thickness of the walls

● The thermal conductivity of the walls

150
Q

State three methods of reducing heat

loss in a building.

A
  1. Double glazing
  2. Loft and wall insulation
  3. Thicker walls
151
Q

How can the efficiency of a mechanical machine with

moving parts be improved?

A

Lubricate any moving parts to reduce the
friction and therefore energy loss due to
heating.

152
Q

How can the efficiency of a radiator be

improved?

A

Installing metal foil sheets behind the
radiator to reflect the heat back into the
room rather than it being absorbed into
the walls.

153
Q

How can the efficiency of boiling water in

a pan be improved?

A

By placing a lid on the pan to reduce the

heat loss from the top.

154
Q

What is a renewable energy resource?

A

An energy source which can be

replenished as it is being used up.

155
Q

Give four examples of renewable energy

resources.

A
  1. Wind Energy
  2. Hydro-Electricity
  3. Tidal Energy
  4. Solar Energy
156
Q

Give an example of a non-renewable

energy resource.

A 
Fossil fuels (for example coal, oil and
gas).
157
Q

What are the advantages of generating power using

gas rather than coal?

A

● Flexible Generation: Gas power
stations have short start-up times so
can be switched on/off more readily
● Lower emissions of carbon dioxide

158
Q

State two disadvantages of using
renewable energy resources to generate
power.

A

● Output often determined by external factors
(like wind speed), so supply is uncertain
● Generating power through other means is
often more efficient and economically
beneficial

159
Q

Explain the environmental impacts of burning fossil

fuels.

A 
● Carbon Dioxide contributes to the
greenhouse effect, and causes global
warming
● Sulphur Dioxide leads to acid rain, which
can damage buildings and crops
160
Q

State three advantages of fossil fuels as an energy

resource.

A
  1. Reliable: Not dependent on external factors
    so can generate power anytime
  2. Can produce large amounts of energy for a
    given quantity
  3. Still relatively abundant, so cost-effective
161
Q

State three advantages of nuclear

power.

A
  1. Very large amounts of energy for relatively
    small quantities of fuel
  2. Doesn’t release greenhouse gases and so
    doesn’t contribute to climate change
  3. Low fuel costs
162
Q

State three disadvantages of nuclear

power.

A
  1. Produces nuclear waste which is harmful to
    humans & must be safely stored for centuries.
  2. Non-Renewable energy source
  3. Risk of nuclear accidents, which have fatal
    consequences on humans and the
    environment
163
Q

How does hydroelectric power produce

energy?

A 
● Rainwater collects behind a dam
● When this water is released, it is used
to turn a turbine
● This turbine turns a generator which
produces electricity
164
Q

What are some disadvantages of using biofuels?

A

● When plants are burned or decay they release CO2
● In order to grow biofuels, you need to destroy land
which leads to problems because:
○ The land could have been natural habitats
○ Destroying land may involve burning plants growing
on it, which would release CO2
● Growing biofuels reduces the land available for growing
food

165
Q

What are the advantages of tidal energy

sources?

A 
● They do not produce greenhouse gases
● They are quite reliable, as tides happen
twice a day
● They are cheap to run as tides are
natural, and so are free
166
Q

What are the disadvantages of

hydroelectric power?

A

● The dam may cause flooding
● It can cost a lot to install the required
infrastructure

167
Q

What are some advantages of solar panels?

A 
● They don’t cause harm to the
environment
● They are a renewable resource
● They can be used in remote areas where
other types of energy are less accessible
168
Q

Give an example of a social factor which may act as

a deterrent for certain types of energy production.

A

● Visual Pollution
● Sound Pollution
(both of these are disadvantages of wind farms)

Physics (8 decks)

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