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Physics > P6 - Radioactivity > Flashcards

P6 - Radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

1 what is an atom

how big is it

A

nucleus is positively charged
made of protons and neutrons

radius of atom= 10^-10m
radius of nucleus= 1/100000 of an atom radius

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2
Q

1 what are the abbreviations and sizes
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo

A

Tera - T - 10^12
Giga - G - 10^9
Mega - M - 10^6
Kilo - k - 10^3

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3
Q

1 what are the abbreviations and sizes
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Fento

A

Milli - m - 10^-3
Micro - pu - 10^-6
Nano - n - 10^-9
Pico - p - 10^-12
Fento - f - 10^-15

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4
Q

1 how big is an electron

A

1.6x10^-19

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5
Q

1 what is the charge mass and placement of
proton

A

charge = +1
mass = 1 or 1.6x10^-27kg
placement = nucleus

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6
Q

1 what is the charge mass and placement of
electron

A

charge = -1
mass = 1/2000 or 9x10^-31kg
placement = orbiting shells

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7
Q

1 what is the charge mass and placement of
neutron

A

charge = 0
mass = 1 or 1.6x10^-27kg
placement = nucleus

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8
Q

1 if argon’s atomic number is 18
and atomic mass is 40
how many protons, neutrons and electrons
electron configuration

A

protons = 18
neutrons = 22
electrons = 18

2.8.8

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9
Q

2 what is an isotope

A

an element with a different number of neutrons

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10
Q

2 if radon has an atomic mass of 222 and
an atomic number of 86

what is its protons neutrons and electrons

A

protons = 86
electrons = 86
neutrons = 222-86= 136

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11
Q

2 what is alpha decay

A

two protons and two neutrons can join up to form an alpha particle, emitted from the nucleus
in nuclear decay you have to balance the equation

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12
Q

2 eg alpha decay
236 4
U + He =?
92 2

A

240
Pu
94

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13
Q

2 what happens in beta decay

A

the neutrons decays to a proton and electron
electron is emitted as a beta particle
number of neutrons goes down by one
number of protons goes up by one

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14
Q

2 beta decay eg

14 0
N + e =?
7 -1

A

14
C
6

Number of protons and neutrons is the same so mass doesnt change
charge has increased by 1
particle emitted had a charge of -1
so charge stays the same

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15
Q

2 what happens in gamma decay

A

gamma rays are electromagnetic waves, so dont have mass or charge
the atomic mass and number stays the same

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16
Q

2 what is neutron emission

A

when nuclei decay the produce nuclei with lots of neutrons
emit neutrons
an isotope of helium-5’s charge doesn’t change so it is now more stable

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17
Q

2 what’s the difference between contamination and irradiation?

A

contamination when you take radioactive material inside your body of on your skin. Once internally contaminated you can never remove the radioactive material

irradiation is when radioactive material is outside your body, but the radiation can travel into your body

18
Q

3 what makes soemthing radioactive

A

nuclei is unstable and emits radiation
radiation is made up of particles or waves

19
Q

3 what is alpha radiation?
type
symbol
what is it
equation

A

type - particle
symbol - a
what is it - nucleus of a helium atom
equation - 4/2 He

20
Q

3 what is Beta radiation?
type
symbol
what is it
equation

A

type - particle
symbol - B
what is it - a fast moving electron
equation - 0/-1 e

21
Q

3 what is gamma radiation?
type
symbol
what is it
equation

A

type - electromagnetic wave
symbol - Y
what is it - a wave of the electromagnetic spectrum
equation - N/A

22
Q

3 what is neutron radiation?
type
symbol
what is it
equation

A

type - particle
symbol - n
what is it - a particle in nucleus
equation - 1/0 n

23
Q

3 in radiation equations what is the top number?

in radiation equations what is the bottom number?

A

mass relative to a proton

the charge

24
Q

3 how do you detect radiation

how does it work

A

a Geiger-miller tube
a Geiger counter
device clicks when radiation enters
each click is produced when radiation ionises atoms3 of the gas inside the tube

25
Q

3 what does alpha go through

beta

gamma

A

a few sheets of paper

a few mm of aluminium

a few cm of lead

26
Q

3 what is ionising radiation

how do they produce a positively charged electron

A

the radiation emitted by radioactive material

radiation can remove electrons

27
Q

3 what is the mass, charge, ionising power and range of

alpha

A

mass- large
charge- +2
ionising power- high
range- short

28
Q

3 what is the mass, charge, ionising power and range of

beta

A

mass- small
charge- -1
ionising power- medium
range- medium

29
Q

3 what is the mass, charge, ionising power and range of

gamma

A

mass- none
charge- none
ionising power- low
range- long

30
Q

3 why does alpha radiation have a short range

A

you have to transfer energy to an atom to ionise it
alpha particles transfer more energy to the material they are travelling through than gamma rays

31
Q

3 how do you demonstrate with radioactive sources

A

keep in a locked store room
warning signs
log book of use
lead lined box
one directional cup source
tongs for handling
plastic holder
clear area

32
Q

3 what is the amount of radiation called?

unit?

A

activity/intensity

becquerels, B

33
Q

4 what is radioactive decay

A

occurs to a stable nucleus
random and spontaneous process

34
Q

4 what is a half life of a radioactive isotope

A

the time it takes to half the current nuclei or decay or activity to halve

100%-50%-25%-12.5%-6.25%

35
Q

4 when does half life works

A

about 100,000 years

36
Q

4 what is carbon dating?

A

carbon-14 is a beta emitter
living things top up C-14 all the time
when organic objects die, c-14 decays
half life of that particular isotope is about 5600 years

37
Q

4 if something dies and is found with C-14 at 25%, how many half lives old is it?

A

2 , 11200 years because

100%-50%-25%
2x5600=11,200

38
Q

5 sheet metal thickness detector?

A

thickness of metal is constantly monitored
beta source is detected on other side of metal
too thin = too high
too thick = too low
Alpha wont go through it
Gamma thickness wont make a difference
Long half life to provide a consistent result

39
Q

5 use radiation to check for leaky pipes?

A

water supplies can be contaminated with gamma-emitting radioactive isotopes to find leaks
the water seeps into the ground causing a build up of gamma emissions in that area
this can be found using a Geiger counter to make it easier to find the leak

40
Q

5 how do smoke detectors use radiation?

A

smoke enters the detector
alpha particles ionise the air
charged particles move across the gap forming a current
smoke in machine will absorb alpha particles and make the current fall
a detector senses the amount of current
siren will sound when the current falls

41
Q

5 how do you sterilise equipment with radiation?

A

used to kill all microbes on equipment
equipment must be sealed to prevent contamination
alpha and beta wont penetrate packaging
long half life to ensure consistent results

Physics (6 decks)

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