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Physics GCSE Y11 (F) > P5: Forces > Flashcards

P5: Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What do vector quantities have?

A

Magnitude and direction.

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2
Q

What do scalar quantities have?

A

Just magnitude.

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3
Q

Give 5 examples of vector quantities.

A

Force, volocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum.

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4
Q

Give 5 examples of scalar quantities.

A

Speed, distance, mass, temperature, time.

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5
Q

What are the two categories of forces?

A

Contact and non-contact.

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6
Q

How are weight and mass different?

A

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, so remains the same everywhere. Weight is a force which acts on an object due to gravity. A measurement of weight could change with location.

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7
Q

Mass and weight are directly proportional. What formula links them?

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

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8
Q

What is the unit for weight?

A

Newtons (N).

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9
Q

What is the unit for mass?

A

Kg.

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10
Q

Work done =

A

energy transferred (and force x distance).

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11
Q

What formula relates work done, force and distance?

A

Work done = force x distance

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12
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

Where an object returns to its prior shape after the force deforming it is removed.

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13
Q

What is inelastic deformation?

A

Where an object doesn’t return to its prior shape after the force deforming it is removed.

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14
Q

What is meant by the limit of proportionality (in the context of springs)?

A

The point where a spring’s extension stops being proportional to the force applied to it. A plotted graph would become non-linear at this point.

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15
Q

What equation is used to find the force applied to a spring when stretching/compressing it?

A

F = ke (force = spring constant [N/m] x extension [m])

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16
Q

Practical:

Plan an investigation to show the relationship between force and extension for a spring.

A
  • Use a stand to suspend a spring. Clamp a mm ruler in line with the spring.
  • Record the natural length of the spring, taking the reading at eye level.
  • Hang a mass on the spring and measure its length. Calculate the extension by substracting the initial length.
  • Repeat this process, adding one identical mass each time, until you have 6 measurements.
  • If one extension is larger than the previous, the limit of proportionality has been succeeded. You’ll need to repeat the experiment, with a new spring and lighter masses.
  • Calculate the force exerted on the spring per mass (weight = mass x gravitational field strength).
  • Plot force exerted on the spring (x axis) against spring extension. You should see a directly proportional / linear relationship.
  • You could find the spring constant using the equation F = ke.
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17
Q

What is the moment (or torque) of a force?

A

Known as the turning effect of a force, it is the rotational equivalent of linear force, i.e. a twisting force.

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18
Q

What equation is used to find the moment of a force?

A

M = Fd (moment [Nm] = force x perpendicular distance from pivot to line of action of force)

19
Q

What is the unit for moment?

A

Newtonmeters (Nm)

20
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area.

21
Q

What equation is used to calculate the pressure a fluid exerts on a surface it touches?

A

Pressure (Pa) = force normal to surface/area of surface

22
Q

What is the unit for pressure?

A

Pascals (Pa).

23
Q

Pressure in a liquid depends on what?

A

Depth, density and gravitational field strength.

24
Q

What is upthrust?

A

An upward resultant force on a submerged object which is equivalent to the weight of fluid it displaces.

25
Q

What is velocity?

A

Speed in a given direction.

26
Q

At what speed does a person usually walk?

A

1.5m/s

27
Q

At what speed does a person usually run?

A

3m/s

28
Q

At what speed does a person usually cycle?

A

6m/s

29
Q

At what speed does a car usually travel?

A

25m/s

30
Q

What is acceleration?

A

Rate of change of velocity (speed)

31
Q

What equation is used to calculate acceleration?

A

acceleration = change in velocity (speed) / time

32
Q

Friction always acts in what direction relative to motion?

A

The opposite direction.

33
Q

What is drag? Name one type of drag.

A

1) The friction when something moves in a fluid (liquid/gas). 2) Air resistance

34
Q

Friction in fluids (drag) increases with __.

A

Speed.

35
Q

Explain how falling objects reach terminal velocity.

A
  • When an object first falls, the downward force of gravity is much more than the upward frictional force, so it accelerates.
  • As speed increases, friction increases, which gradually reduces the object’s acceleration until the frictional force = the accelerating force (resultant force = 0).
  • It has therefore reached its terminal velocity and falls at a steady speed.
36
Q

What does the frictional force of air resistance depend on?

A

An object’s shape and area.

37
Q

Newton’s 3rd law states that, when 2 objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other. Why does anything move in relation to anything else?

A

1) The forces act in opposite directions. 2) Objects have varying masses, so move varying amounts when experiencing the same force.

38
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

The combined thinking and braking distance.

39
Q

What 2 factors affect thinking distance?

A

Speed and reaction time.

40
Q

What 4 factors affect reaction time?

A

Tiredness, drugs, alcohol and distractions.

41
Q

What 5 factors affect braking distance?

A

Speed, weather, tyre condition, condition of brakes, and road conditions (e.g. leaves).

42
Q

How do brakes work?

A
  • Force is applied to the brakes of a vehicle
  • Work is done by the friction force between the brakes and the wheel
  • This reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle
  • The temperature of the brakes increases
43
Q

Why is applying the brake too hard/quickly dangerous?

A

Very large decelerations may cause brakes to overheat or cause the wheels to skid.

Physics GCSE Y11 (F) (9 decks)

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