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GCSE Physics > P4 > Flashcards

P4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

The smallest possible piece of an element. Has a radius of 0.1nm

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom. Contains protons and neutrons

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3
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged particle found im

the nucleus. Has a relative mass of 1.

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4
Q

Neutral

A

Has no overall charge

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5
Q

Neutron

A

A neutral particle found in the nucleus.

Has no charge and a relative mass of 1.

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6
Q

Electron

A 
A negatively charged particle found in
energy levels (shells) around the nucleus.
Has a relative mass of 0
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7
Q

Element

A

A substance made up of only one type
of atom e.g. the element oxygen is only
made up of oxygen atoms

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8
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms with the same number of protons

but different numbers of neutrons.

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9
Q

Stable

A

The protons and neutrons are securely
stuck together in the nucleus - will not
emit radiation

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10
Q

Unstable

A

The nucleus may break apart at some

point and emit radiation

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11
Q

Emit

A

Means to “give out”. Nuclear radiation is

EMITTED from the nucleus

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12
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

When unstable nuclei break apart,

emitting radiation

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13
Q
  1. What is the radius of an

atom?

A

1x10-10m

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14
Q
  1. Describe the structure

of an atom

A

Positively charged nucleus
surrounded by negatively
charged electrons orbiting
around the nucleus

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15
Q
  1. What does the mass

number tell us?

A

The number of protons and

neutrons.

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16
Q
  1. What does the atomic

number tell us?

A

The number of protons

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17
Q
  1. What is an isotope?
A

Isotopes have the same
number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.

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18
Q
  1. What is the activity of a
    radioactive isotope
    measured in?
A

Becquerel (Ba).

19
Q
  1. What do we use to

measure count rate?

A

Geiger-muller tube.

20
Q
  1. What does ionisation

mean?

A

An atom turns into an ion (charged particle) by losing or

goining an electron

21
Q
  1. Name the 4 types of

nuclegr radiation

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma and

Neutron

22
Q
  1. What is an alpha
    particle made of and
    what is the symbol for it?
A

Helium nucleus 2 protons 2 neutrons

23
Q
  1. What is the mass and
    charge of an alpha
    particle?
A 
Mass = 4
Charge = 2+
24
Q
  1. What is a beta
    particle made of and
    what is the symbol for a
    beta particle?
A

High energy electron

25
Q
  1. What is the mass and
    charge of a beta
    particle?
A 
Mass = 0 
Charge = -1
26
Q

Activity

A

The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays. Activity is measured in becquerels (Bq)

27
Q

Ionisation

A

An atom loses or gains an electron the charges are no longer balanced and the charged atom is called an ion

28
Q

Penetrating Power

A

A measure of how easy it is for radiation to travel through different materials

29
Q

Half-Life

A

The time taken for the count rate to halve/number of radioactive nuclei to halve

30
Q

Irradiation

A

Irraidation is exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive

31
Q

Contamination

A

When radioactive isotopes end up on other materials. A contaminated object will be radioactive

32
Q

background Radiation

A

Radiation that exists naturally all around us and is at a low enough level to not be considered a threat

33
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large and unstable nucleus

34
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Nuclear fusion is when two small light nuclei join together to make one heavy nucleus

35
Q

Chain reaction

A

2 or 3 neutrons explode out of a fission reaction and these can collide with other uranium nuclei to cause further fission reactions

36
Q

What is the plum pudding model

A

An early model of the atom where the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

37
Q

what was the experiment that disproved the plum pudding model

A

The gold foil/alpha scattering experiment : alpha particles were fired at gold foil. Plum pudding model predicted all would travel straight through ; but some were deflected and some reflected straight back

38
Q

What was the nuclear model of the atom

A

The model That was proposed after the plum-pudding model, with atoms having a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons

39
Q

WHY was the nuclear model of the atoms proposed

A

Because the alpha scattering experiment produced evidence that could not be explained by the plum pudding model

40
Q

What happens to the mass number/atomic number during alpha decay

A

Mass number goes down by 4

Atomic number goes down by 2

41
Q

What happens to the mass number/atomic number during beta decay

A

Mass number - no charge

Atomic number goes up by 1

42
Q

What is irradiation used for

A

Sterilizing food/medical equipment

43
Q

Why is radiation dangerous

A

Can mutate cells, lead to cancer/radiation and even death

44
Q

What can we do to keep safe around radiation

A

keep as far away, spend as little time as possible near radioactive source, shield yourself with thick lead/concrete

GCSE Physics (7 decks)

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