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PSYCH > P3: Forensics > Flashcards

P3: Forensics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four parts in forensics?

A

-Offender Profiling
-Biological Ex
-Psychological Ex
-Dealing w/ OB

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2
Q

Offender Profiling

A

A behavioural/ analytical tool intended to help investigators of crimes
-Predicts and profiles characteristics of unknown criminals

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3
Q

What are the two types of offender profiling

A

-Top down/ typology approach
-Bottom up approach

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4
Q

What is the top down approach based on?

A

Data from in-depth interviews of 36 sexually motivated serial killers

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5
Q

What did the top down approach come up with from the in-depth interviews of 36 serial killers?

A

Pre-existing template of murderers and rapists

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6
Q

Top down: What is the pre-existing template used for? What does it tell us?

A

Profiler goes to crime scene and matches what’s known about crime and offender to template
-This tells us what type of person we’re looking for

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7
Q

According to the top down approach what are the categories of murderers and rapists?

A

-Disorganised
-Organised

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8
Q

What does bottom up approach involve?

A

Systematic analysis of a crime scene to inform investigators of an offenders likely characteristics

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9
Q

What are the two examples of bottom up profiling?

A

-Investigative psychology
-Geographical profiling

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10
Q

In bottom up approach, what is investigative psychology?

A

Where investigator matches details from crime with statistical analysis of typical offender behaviour patterns
-Match on a data base

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11
Q

In bottom up approach, what is geographical profiling?

A

-Mapping out locations and times when crimes have occurred
-Used in conjunction w/ investigative psychology to identify MO of criminal

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12
Q

What are the 3 biological explanations of offending behaviour?

A

-Atavistic Form Theory
-Genetic
-Neural

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13
Q

7 key points of Atavistic Theory of OB

A

-Put forward by Lombroso, argues criminals are genetic throwbacks+biologically diff to non criminals
-They find it difficult to adjust to demands of civilised society so turn to crime=crim behav is atavistic
-Criminals can be identified as they have distinguishable facial features (which are biologically determined)
-Criminals OTW have narrow brows and strong jaws and facial asymmetry
-More likely to have dark skin and extra fingers/toes/nipples
-Lombroso went to catergorise certain types of criminals eg murderers=bloodshot eyes and long ears, fraudsters=thin lips
-OTW OB due to atavistic characteristics

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14
Q

7 key ideas of genetic explanation of OB

A

-OB is in the genes
-Genes consist of DNA which produces instructions
-They’re transmitted from parent to offspring thus OB is inherited
-Certain candidate genes identified
-eg MOAO gene + CDH13 gene
-Psychologists research genetic links using: family studies, twin studies and adoption studies
-OTW OB is in the genes

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15
Q

7 key points of Neural explanation of OB

A

-Biological Approach, reason why criminals don’t have empathy is due to neural differences
-Investigated individuals w/ ADP (anti social personality disorder) ADP= associated w reduced emotional response n lack of empathy
-Linked to prefrontal cortex
-Individuals w ADP had reduced activity in prefrontal cortex
-Prefrontal cortex regulates emotional behaviour
-ADP can switch empathy in and off
-OTW OB is due to neural differences

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16
Q

What are the 4 psychological explanations for OB

A

-Psychodynamic
-Cognitive
-Differential Association
-Eysenck Personality Theory

17
Q

What are the 2 parts that make up the psychodynamic explanations

A

-Superego
-MDT (maternal dep)

18
Q

7 Key points of psychodynamic superego part of OB

A

-Blackburn put forward the idea that inadequate superego as an explanation for OB
-If SE is inadequate/deficient then OB is inevitable
-As id is given free rein and not controlled
-3 types of inadequate SE : weak SE, deviant SE + overharsh SE
-Weak SE occurs if same sex parent is absent in childhood, child cant fully internalise a fully formed SE
-Deviant SE occurs if SE the child internalises has deviant/ immoral values
-Overharsh SE occurs when SE internalised is excessively punitive, individual is crippled by guilt leading to them performing criminal acts to satisfy SE

19
Q

6 Key points of psychodynamic MDT (maternal dep) part of OB

A

-MD hypothesis comes from Bowlbys work
-Bowlby argued that the ability to form meaningful rel in adulthood was dependent on the child forming a warm continuous rel w a mother figure
-Failure to establish this bond during the critical period (30 months) means child will develop affectionless psychopathy
-A personality type characterised by lack of guilt and empathy
-Maternally deprived individuals are likely to engage in acts of delinquency
-Bowlby supported this with his own investigation of 44 thieves study

20
Q

8 Key points of Learning theory: DIff Ass (Sutherland)

A

-Aimed for a scientific theory allowing us to predict criminality, people are socialised into becoming criminals
-Learned rather than innate, learning takes places through association w others
-Most of such learning is through ass w close family and friends, as when a person is socialised into a group theyll be exposed to the values of the group
-Some values can be procrime, some anticrime. If number of pro crime attitudes outweigh number of anti person will offend
-Therefore can mathematically predict who will commit crime
-Learning can take place through observation or direct tuition
-This explains why crime breeds in certain areas and why criminals reoffend
-OTW diff ass argues OB is learned from other people

21
Q

Main argument for cognitive exp for OB

A

OB caused by the way people think, criminals think in a diff way to non criminals

22
Q

2 elements of cog exp for OB

A

-Levels of moral reasoning
-Cognitive distortions

23
Q

5 Key points of level of moral reasoning in cog ep for OB

A

-Argues moral development happens in stages , 6 stages
-Argues criminals are at a lower level of moral reasoning, they’re at the preconventional level
-Similar to childlike reasoning- moral compass not developed
-Therefore criminals will commit crimes if they get away with it or gain rewards eg money and respect etc
-These types of people tend to e self centred and inconsiderate

24
Q

4 Key points of cog distortions in cog exp of OB

A

-Error or bias in thinking, interpreting something in an inaccurate way
-Examples:
-Criminals tend to have hostile attribution bias; misinterpreting actions of others by assuming they’re being confrontational when they’re not triggering a violent response
-Minimalization: downplaying seriousness of an offence, giving a euphemistic label eg individuals who commit sex offences are particularly prone to this

25
Q

What is the overarching argument for Eysencks Personality Theory

A

Argues certain individuals have criminal personality, theres a number of traits that lead to OB these criminal traits are a result of biology

26
Q

What are the three dimensions of Eysencks Personality theory

A

-Introversion vs Extroversion
-Neurocostisim vs Stability
-Psychoticism

27
Q

Eysencks PT: Extroverts vs Introverts

A

EX:
-Underactive NS so they seek excitement therefore are likely to engage in risk taking behaviours to balance them
-Tend not to learn from their mistakes

INT:
-Overactive NS so likely to engage in behaviours of less stimulation eg reading
-Reliable and have high moral standards

28
Q

Eysencks PT: Neurotic vs Stable

A

N:
-More reactive NS and are jumpy nervous and liable to suffer from stress
-Can be moody easily upset by others due to their reactive NS

S:
-Calm and even tempered
-Dont panic in stressful situations

29
Q

Which of the dimensions did Eysenck say a criminal has and why

A

Neurotic Extravert and high score on psychoticism as these types of people are harder to socialise , not as malleable as stable introverts

30
Q

4 ways of dealing w Offenders

A

-Custodial Sentencing
-Behaviour Modification
-Anger Management
-Restorative Justice

31
Q

Custodial sentencing

A

Aims:
1) Deterrence (put people off)
2) Incapacitation (protect)
3) Retribution (give justice)
4) Rehabillitation (help)

-Psychological effects, depression and stress
-57% reoffend

32
Q

Behavioural modification

A

-Based on behaviourist principles
-Aims to reinforce obedient and punish disobedient ones
-Token economy, tokens become secondary reinforcers as theyre associates w rewards

33
Q

Anger Management

A

-Form of CBT
-Aims to identify triggers of anger and teach techniques to manage behaviour

34
Q

Restorative Justice

A

Focus on victim and offender- active process where they meet
-Based on healing and empowerment
-Supervised meeting w a trained mediator
-Focus on positives for both victim and offender

PSYCH (9 decks)

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