P3 Flashcards
characteristics for true experiment
An independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured → causality to be determined
Attempt to control extraneous variables, increasing internal validity
Particiants are randomly allocated to conditions
Data is statistically analysed and a p-value is calculated
characteristics of focus group
Group interview that makes use of purposive sample and usually consists of 8-12 participants
The researcher acts as the facilitator of the group, keeping the discussion focused on an interview agenda
The data is qualitative and must be interpreted through content analysis
Focus groups help to prompt responses from participants vis a vis the responses of other participants
characteristics of case study
Based on method triangulation with the goal of increasing the credibility of a study
Usually are longitudinal in nature
May study an individual, group, or orgnaization based on a specific trait or behavior
Data may be a combination of qualitative and quantitative
characteristics of naturalistic observation
Collects data in the participants’ natural environment without manipulating any variables
Observation may be carried out either overtly, where the participants are aware they are being observed, or covertly
May use an observation checklist (quantitative); often more than one researcher observes in order to establish inter-rater reliability
May take field notes (qualitative); these are more difficult to analyse; usually, a content analysis is used to interpret the data
characteristics of semi-structured interviews
Pre-determined set of questions in the interview schedule, the interviewer may deviate from this, asking follow-on questions if the interviewee present an unanticipated and relevant view
May include both open and closed questions
Face-to-face which may lead to interviewer effects and social desirability bias
Results in rich data that must be interpreted through content analysis
characteristics of natural experiment
Independent variable is naturally occurring; not manipulated by researcher, and a dependent variable is measures. Casualty cannot be determined
It is not pissibly to control for extraneous variables; matching designs are used to determin the influence of some participant variables
Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions
The data is statisucalled analysed and a p-value is calculated
characteristics of correlational study
No manipulation of an independent variable; instead sets of data are compared to determine a level of correlation
Often pre-exisiting data sets are used, but they may also be collected through surveys or standardized tests
The data is quantitative and may be statistically analysed fr significance
characteristics of survey/questionnaire
Often seen as written interviews; not face-to-face, and interviewer effects may be avoided
Participants can be anonymous. They may be coded in order to avoid participants being identified
Question may be misinterpreted by the participants; however, researchers may be available to answer question about individual questions
Data may be quantitative or qualitative; qualitative data myst be interpreted though content analysis
characteristics of quasi experiment
Independent variable may be manipulated and a dependent variable is measured, causality cannot be determined
There is an attempt to control extraneous variables, increasing internal validity
Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions. They are assigned based on participant variable
The data is statistically analused and a p-value is calculated
characteristics of unstructured interviews
Does not have a set of questions, but instead uses themes and topics with the foal of avoiding leading questions
Interview style is highly naturalistic, reflecting a normal conversationf
Faec-to-face which may lead to interviewer effects and social desirability bias
Require more training and experince to collect credible datal it can be hard to keep interview on track and achieve the research objective when there is no ‘script’
Results in rich data that must be interpreted through content analysis
A researcher recruits participants from a nearby school or workplace
Opportunity sampling
Participants responding to a social media ad for a psychology experiment
self-selected sampling
Using a random number generator to select participants from a list
random sampling
Ensuring the sample includes equal numbers of males and females or age groups.
stratified sampling
Selecting every 5th student from a school roster.
systematic sampling
