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Gr10LS > P2 Qs > Flashcards

P2 Qs Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the function of a transport system

A

It moves carbon dixoide and nitrogenous waste away from the body cells. Large animals require a transport system to get food and oxygen to the body cells

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2
Q

How does the human circulatory system transfer substances

A

Via blood

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3
Q

Define an open circulatory system

A

Blood is not confined to blood vessels. Animals have blood filled cavities called sinuses, which are also known as haemoceals

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4
Q

Which animals have open circulatory systems

A

Anthropods and molluscs

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5
Q

Define haemoceals

A

This means a blood cavity. Organs are found within the haemoceal. These organs are submerged with blood, and i this way obtain oxygen and food from the blood by diffusion. Carbon dioxide and nitrigenous waste diffuse out of these organs and are transported away from the blood

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6
Q

Define a closed circulatory system

A

Blood is confied to blood vessels only (arteries,veins,capillaries)

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7
Q

Define arteries and their function

A

Arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, allow blood flow into capillaries, and substances may enter or leave the capillary network by diffusion

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8
Q

Define capillaries

A

Very small tubes, substances leave or enyer capillaries via diffusion, blood from capillaries drain into veins

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9
Q

Define veins

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart

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10
Q

Define arterioles

A

Arteries branch into smaller arterioles

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11
Q

Define Venules

A

Smaller veins

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12
Q

Draw and label a diagram with an open circulatory system

A

-

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13
Q

Draw and label a diagram with a closed circulatory system

A

-

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14
Q

Define the double circulatory system

A

Blood is pumped from the heart along two circuits. The pulmonary circuit where deoxygenated blood moves from the heart to the lungs and returns to the heart oxygenated blood. Systematic circuits where oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body and returns to the heary as deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

Which animal has the double circulatory system

A

Humans

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16
Q

Draw and label a double circulatory system

A

-

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17
Q

Define a pulmonary circuit

A

Where deoxygenated blood moves from the heart to the lungs and returns to the heart

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18
Q

Systematic system

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body and returns to the heart as deoxygenated blood

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19
Q

Define the heart

A

The human heart is a muscular structure that has four chambers, valves, and blood vessels, it’s muscular nature enables it to serve as a pump, beating 72 times a minute to force blood throughout the body

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20
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The pressure generated against the vessels, whilst bloodnis being pumped

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21
Q

What controls heart beat?

A

Controlled by the brain (medulla oblongata), which can increase and slow down heart rate according to the needs of the body

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22
Q

Draw and label the heart

A

-

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23
Q

Name the function of the pulmonary arteries

A

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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24
Q

Name the function of the superior Vena cava

A

The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium

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25
Q

Name the function of the Right atrium

A

The right atruim receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae

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26
Q

Name the function of the tricuspid valve

A

The tricuspid valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

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27
Q

Name the function of the tendonous cords

A

The tendonous cords prevent valve segments from flapping back into the right atrium

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28
Q

Name the function of the right ventricle

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood from this chamber to the lungs

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29
Q

Name the function of the inferior vena cava

A

The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the right atrium

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30
Q

Name the function of the thinner muscular wall

A

The thinner muscular wall contracts to force blood to move from the right atrium to the lungs

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31
Q

Name the function of the pericardium

A

Membrane that encloses and protects the heart

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32
Q

Name the function of the coronary artery

A

The coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to muscles of the heart

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33
Q

Name the function of the coronary vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle

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34
Q

Name the function of the aorta

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

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35
Q

Name the function of then semi lunar valves

A

Prevents back-flow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle

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36
Q

Name the function of the pulmonary veins

A

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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37
Q

Name the function of the left atrium

A

Recieves oxygenated blood via pulmonary viens from lungs

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38
Q

Name the function of the bicuspid mitral valve

A

The bicuspid mitral valve prevents blood from the left ventricle flowing back into left atrium

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39
Q

Name the function of the left ventricle

A

Oxygenated blood from this chamber is pumped throughout the body

40
Q

Name the function of the thicker muscular wall

A

The thicker muscular wall provides powerful contractions to pump blood from left ventricle to all parts of the body

41
Q

Name the function of the septum

A

Separating wall preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

42
Q

Why is the thicker muscle thick and the thinner muscle thin?

A

Tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve prevent blood from remaining in ventricle and try to push it out

43
Q

Why does the thicker muscle wall need to be thick?

A

It needs to have powerful contractions

44
Q

Define the cardiac cycle

A

The contractions and relaxations of the heart muscles. The ‘lub-dub’ sound of a beating heart, which is closing valves as the atrial and ventricular muscles contract

45
Q

Sino-Atrial node (SA node)

A

A group of specialised cells located at the right atrium acts as a pacemaker. IT determines the rate of contraction of the atria and the ventricles according to the needs of the body, co-ordinates the contraction of the heart muscles

46
Q

How long does each cycle last

A

0,8 seconds

47
Q

Name and define each phase

A

1) Atrial systole
-muscles of aria contract
-The tricuspid and biscuspid valves are forced open to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles
-0,1 sec

2)ventricular systole
-muscles of ventricles contract
- both tricuspid and bicuspid valves close (lub sound)
-semi lunar valves of pulmonary artery and aorta open
-deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is forced up the pulmonary artery and moves to the lungs
-oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is forced up the aorta and moves to all parts of the body
-0,3 sec

3) Atrial and Ventricular Diastole
-Muscles or the atria and Ventricles relax
-Semi-lunar valves in aorta and pulmonary close to prevent any back flow of blood (the dub sound)
-deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae fills the right atrium, oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins fills the left atrium
-cycle starts again
-0,4 sec

48
Q

Name the phase that contracts

A

Atrial and Ventricular systole

49
Q

Which phase relaxes

A

Atrial and ventricular diastole

50
Q

What happens if the medulla oblongata fails to send an impulse to the heart

A

The muscles of the heart will not contract and the heary will not beat

51
Q

What causes the heart rate to increase

A

More oxygen can get the body cells, and more carbon dioxide can be removed from the blood. A high carbon level in arterial blood causes ad increase in heart rate

52
Q

Show a sequence lf the process

A

1)Carbon dioxide concentration is high in blood leaving the heart via systemic circuit - 2) Carbon dioxide sensor cells (chemoreceptors ) in carotid arteries send impulses to medulla oblongata - 3) medulla oblongata sends impulse to the pacemaker of the heart to increase the heart beat - 4) more blood flows to the lungs and more carbon dioxide is expelled - 5) carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood drop to normal and the heart beat returns to normal

53
Q

Define chemoreceptors

A

Chemoreceptors are carbon dioxide sensor cells in carotid arteries

54
Q

Why does the medulla oblongata send an impulse to the pace maker

A

It makes the heart beat either faster or slower

55
Q

Define pulse

A

Whenever the heart beats and blood moves through the arteries, easily detected whenever an artery passes close to the skin. A healthy fit person’s pulse rate is 72 beats per minute. Pulse rate between 60 to 100 beats ler minute is regarded as normal. Females have faster rates than males, athletes have slower heart rates

56
Q

What measures blood pressure

A

A Sphygmomanometer

57
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

When the heart is pumping, it is high at 120 mm Hg

58
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A

Normal pressure when the heart is at rest and it is at 80mm Hg, blood is not under pressure of the contraction of the heart muscle

59
Q

When is blood pressure normal

A

A reading between 120mm Hg over 80 mm Hg

60
Q

Name the 3 different types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

61
Q

Define lumen

A

Space

62
Q

Draw and explain Arteries

A

-thick outer walls
-thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres
-small lumen
-no valves present
-(function) - arteries carry blood away from the heart
-withstand high presure created by the heart

63
Q

Draw and explain capillaries

A

-they have very thin walls made up of one layer of endothelial tissues only
-(funtion)- connect arteries to veins
-allow substances to easilly enter and leave the blood by diffusion because of thin walls (squamous epithelium)

64
Q

Draw and explain veins

A

-thin outer layer
-thin layer of muscles and elastic fibres
-large lumen
-valves present
-(function)- carry blood back to your heart
-valves in vein preven backflow of blood

65
Q

How can one lose energy

A

Respiration, excretion, reproduction, urination, movement, growth, maintenance, metabolic wastes

66
Q

Narrowest blood vessel

A

Capillary

67
Q

Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

Septum

68
Q

Organisms with no true nucleus or cell organelles

A

Prokaryote

69
Q

Double walled sack which surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

70
Q

Sorting and grouping according to similarities and differences

A

Classification

71
Q

Abiotic factors that include slope, aspect, altitude

A

Physiographic

72
Q

Suggested the five kingdom classification

A

Robert wittaker

73
Q

Blood vessel to take the waste away from the heart

A

Cronary vein

74
Q

Transports oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart

A

Pulmonary vein

75
Q

Results of deforestation

A

Soil erosion, desertification, food sources removed, carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere, increase in global warming, reduce biodiversity, habitat destruction, affect carbon cycle, affect oxygen cycle, affect watercycle

76
Q

Why would a DDT be found in a tertiary energy animal?

A

It accumulates in the organisms body at each trophic level

77
Q

What is humus

A

Humus is the organic components of soil, dead organic matter formed by decomposition of leaves, the mineral content of soil

78
Q

Who formed the 2 name system

A

Carolus linnaeus

79
Q

How can the government prevent extinction of fish

A

Introduce a bag limit, limit the number of fish caught, ban catching of undersized fish, impelent fines, or imprisonment

80
Q

A chamber in the heart with thick muscular walls that pumps blood through the aorta

A

Left ventricle

81
Q

Blood vessel that takes blood to the kidneys

A

Renal artery

82
Q

The fluid part of blood

A

Plasma

83
Q

Describe the savanna biome

A

Has the big 5, sandy soil lacking nutrients

84
Q

Scientists said that the amazon jungle generate their own clouds and rain, this is because…

A

Transpiration

85
Q

What would you advise a farmer looking for large amounts of sunlight, good drainage and nutrient rich soil

A

Plant on the north facing side or a slope in loam

86
Q

Wetlands

A

A wide range of coastal habitats like lagoons and estuaries
Provide regular water supply and help reduce the effect of drought
High water table and soil with high water holding ability

87
Q

Animals with body temperature that depends on environmental temperature

A

Ectothermic

88
Q

When an organism is inactive during winter

A

Hibernate

89
Q

The form in which nitrogen is absorbed by plants through their roots

A

Nitrate

90
Q

Abiotic factor relating to soil

A

Edaphic

91
Q

Organisms thag connot produce their own food

A

Decomposers, heterotrophic

92
Q

Mode of nutrition and method of sexual reproduction of an animal

A

Mode of nutrition : heterotrophic
Method of reporduction : sexual

93
Q

Two step key used to identify cats

A

Dichotomous key

94
Q

What happened during the cambrium explosion

A

There was a rapid increase in the number of species on Earth

95
Q

How can extinction be caused by a volcanic eruption

A

Gr10LS (2 decks)

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