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CC-2224 Physics Paper 2 Topics > P16(Space) > Flashcards

P16(Space) Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the sun form

A

Formed at the centre of a spinning cloud of dust,gas and rock due to the force of gravity

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2
Q

What is a protostar

A

A concentration of gas and dust that becomes hot enough to cause nuclear fusion

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3
Q

How does a star form

A

-When a protostar temperature increases and it gets hotter
-therefore the process of nuclear fusion can take place
-therefore energy is released in the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei
-causing the protostar to get hotter and brighter
-therefore causing a star to be born

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4
Q

How is energy released inside a star

A

Hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form helium nuclei

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5
Q

How is a star stable

A

-Energy released in the core makes the fusion process continue
-Therefore radiation such as gamma radiation flows out from the core in all directions
-The force of gravity acts inwards making the star contract
-The radiation from nuclear fusion in its core acts outwards making the star expand

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6
Q

When do stars become unstable

A

When stars have no more hydrogen nuclei in their cores that can fuse together

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7
Q

What is the lifecycle of a star with a similar mass to our sun

A

Protostar—> main sequence —> red giant —> white dwarf —> black dwarf

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8
Q

What is the lifecycle of a star with a greater mass than our sun

A

Protostar —> main sequence star —> red supergiant —> supernova —> black hole or neutron star

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9
Q

What is a red giant

A

Stars with a similar mass to our sun swell out and cool down and turn red

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10
Q

What is a white dwarf

A

Hot dense white star much smaller in diameter than it was before

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11
Q

What is a black dwarf

A

When white dwarfs fade out and go cold

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12
Q

What is a red supergiant

A

Stars much bigger than the sun swell out and collapse

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13
Q

What is a supernova

A

The explosion of a red supergiant after it collapses

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14
Q

What is a neutron star

A

An extremely dense object made up of only neutrons

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15
Q

How do neutron stars form

A

The supernova compresses the core of the star into a neutron star

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16
Q

What is a black hole

A

An extremely dense object where the gravitational field strength is so strong that nothing can escape from it

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17
Q

How do black holes form

A

The supernova compresses the core of the star into an extremely dense object

18
Q

How does a planet stay in its orbit

A

The force of gravity between a planet and its host star keeps the planet moving along its orbit

19
Q

How are circular orbits formed

A

-Objects in circular orbit are travelling at a constant speed
-The orbit is a circular path
-therefore the direction in which the object is travelling will be constantly changing direction
-A change in direction causes a change in velocity
-Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
-therefore if the object is constantly changing direction then its velocity is constantly changing
-so the object in orbit is accelerating
-A resultant force is needed to cause an acceleration
-This resultant force is gravity and it must act at right angles to the instantaneous velocity of the object to create a circular orbit
-This is always towards the centre of the orbit

20
Q

Planet’s furthest from the sun …

A

Take the longest amount of time to orbit the sun because they travel at the slowest speeds

21
Q

Planet’s closest to the sun …

A

Take the shortest amount of time to orbit the sun because they travel at the fastest speeds

22
Q

A satellite needs to travel at a specific speed to …

A

maintain a circular orbit at a particular distance from the object

23
Q

If the speed of the satellite is too big …

A

-The radius of the orbit will increase and the satellite will spiral into space
-This is because the gravitational attraction cannot provide enough force to keep it in orbit

24
Q

If the speed of the satellite is too small …

A

-The radius of the orbit will decrease and the satellite will move towards the object it should -be orbiting
This is because the gravitational attraction is too strong to maintain a constant orbital radius

25
Q

If an artificial satellite is to change the radius at which it is orbiting then the …

A

speed at which it is travelling must change

26
Q

To maintain a stable orbit:
If the speed increases…

A

the radius must increase

27
Q

To maintain a stable orbit:
If the speed decreases…

A

the radius must decrease

28
Q

What is the Doppler effect

A

-The wavelength of the waves in front of the source decreases and the frequency increases
-The wavelength behind the source increases and the frequency decreases

29
Q

What is blueshift

A

If an object moves towards an observer the wavelength of light decreases

30
Q

What is red shift

A

If an object moves away from an observer the wavelength of light increases

31
Q

The further away a distant galaxy is …

A

The greater it’s red shift

32
Q

What did Edwin Hubble discover

A

-The light from distant galaxies was red shifted
-Therefore distant galaxies are moving away from earth
-Therefore the universe is expanding

33
Q

The greater the distance a galaxy is from Earth…

A

The greater the speed at which it is moving away from Earth

34
Q

What is the Big Bang theory

A

-Around 14 billion years ago, the universe began from a very small region that was extremely hot and dense
-Then there were a series of explosions, which we call the Big Bang
-This caused the universe to expand, cooling as it does so, to form the universe we currently observe

35
Q

What is CMBR(cosmic microwave background radiation)

A

Electromagnetic radiation that was created just after the Big Bang

36
Q

What is dark matter

A

-Evidence from the rotation and motion of galaxies suggests that there is much more matter in the Universe than we are able to account for
-This unseen matter is given the name dark matter and its nature is not currently known

37
Q

What is dark energy

A

-Measurements of the expansion of the Universe using supernovae suggest that the Universe is starting to expand at a faster rate
-It has been suggested that this accelerated motion is caused by dark energy pushing everything in the Universe apart

38
Q

If the density of the universe is less than a particular amount it will ….

A

-Expand forever
-causing the stars to die out
-therefore causing everything else to die

39
Q

If the density of the universe is more than a particular amount it will …

A

-Stop expanding and go into reverse
-All matter will then clump together into a single dense point

40
Q

What is the evidence for the Big Bang theory

A

The red shifts of distant galaxies

CC-2224 Physics Paper 2 Topics (10 decks)

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