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Physics > P12 Wave Properties > Flashcards

P12 Wave Properties Flashcards

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1
Q

Define waves

A

Waves transfer energy with out transferring matter

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2
Q

What are all waves casued by

A

oscillating particles

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3
Q

What is the equation for frequency

A

Frequency = velocity / wavelength

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4
Q

What are transverse waves

A

Waves where the particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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5
Q

What direction are transverse waves

A

Up and Down

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6
Q

What are examples of transverse waves

A
  • tidal wave
  • electromagnetic wave
  • Seismic S wave
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7
Q

What is a

A

wavelength

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8
Q

what is b

A

peak or creast

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9
Q

what is c

A

trough

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10
Q

what is d

A

amplitude

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11
Q

what is e

A

direction of energy transfer

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12
Q

what is f

A

direction of oscillations

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13
Q

What are logitudinal waves

A

Waves where the particles oscillate parallel to the direction of energy

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14
Q

what direction are the osscillations of a logitudinal wave

A

forward and backward / side to side

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15
Q

What are examples of logitudinal waves

A
  • sound waves
  • ultra-sound waves
  • seismic P waves
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16
Q

what is a

A

wavelength

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17
Q

what is b

A

amplitude

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18
Q

what is c

A

rarefaction

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19
Q

what is d

A

compression

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20
Q

what is e

A

direction of energy transfer

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21
Q

what is f

A

direction of oscillation

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22
Q

When does sound travel fastest and why

A

in solids becuase the particles are closer together so the vibraions are easily transfered

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23
Q

Do sound waves need a medium to travel through and why

A

yes becuase in a vacuum there are no particles to transfer energy to

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24
Q

What are the two methods to measure the speed of time

A
  • clap-echo method
  • microphones and data-logger method
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25
Q

what is the boundary for sound

A

20Hz - 20,000Hz

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26
Q

what is the boundary for ultra-sound

A

20,000Hz +

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27
Q

what is the boundary for infrasound

A

> 20Hz

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28
Q

What are the uses of ultrasound

A
  • clean jewelery
  • pre-natal scan
  • detect cracks inside metal structures
  • detect is gold is real
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29
Q

what is the equation for distance

A

distance = speed x time

30
Q

explain the method of the clap-echo method

A
  • stand 50m away from a wall
  • measure the time taken for a clap to echo from the wall
  • speed = (distance / time)/2
31
Q

explain the microphone and data-logger method

A
  • you have 2 microphones and 1 data-logger
  • data-logger measure and records time taken for sound to reach the microphones
  • speed = distance/time
32
Q

What are the benefits of the microphones and data-logger method

A
  • higher resolution and therefore more accuracy
  • no chance for human error
33
Q

What is the equation relating time period and frequency

A

time period = 1 / frequency

34
Q

What do you use to measure the speed of sound

A

oscilloscope

35
Q

Can all waves be reflected

A

yes

36
Q

What are the three things that can happen when a wave arrives at a boundary

A
  • absorbed by the material
  • trasmittedd through the material [leading to refraction]
  • reflected off the material
37
Q

how does the angle of incidence relate to the angle of reflection

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

38
Q

what is the angle of incidence

A

the angle between the incoming wave and the normal

39
Q

what is the angle of reflection

A

the angle between the reflected wave and the normal

40
Q

What is the normal

A

an invisable line that is perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence

41
Q

What is a

A

the normal

42
Q

what is b

A

the reflected ray

43
Q

what is c

A

the incoming ray

44
Q

What is d

A

the angle of incidence

45
Q

what is e

A

the angle of reflection

46
Q

What are the two different way waves can be reflected

A
  • specular
  • diffuse
47
Q

what is specular reflection

A

when a wave is reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface

48
Q

what is diffuse reflection

A

when a wave is reflected by a rough surface and the reflected rays are scatted in lots of different directions

49
Q

What types of waves are electromagnetic waves

A

transverse

50
Q

What is refraction

A

when a wave crosses a boundary between materials at an angle and it changes direction because it changes speed

51
Q

What will happen to a wave if it crosses a boundary and slows down

A

it will bend towards the normal

52
Q

what will hapen is the wave crosses into a material and speeds up

A

the wave will bend away from the normal

53
Q

What happens to the wave physically when it is refracted

A
  • the wavelength changes but the frequency stays the same so the waves speed up when the wavelength grows etc
54
Q

if the wave is travelling along the normal will it refract

A

no but it will chnage speed

55
Q

if the optial density is higher in a material then how does speed of the wave change

A

it will get slower

56
Q

how do the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction relate

A

angle of incidence > angle of refraction

57
Q

How do we measure the layers of the earth

A

with Seismic waves

58
Q

What are the two types of seismic waves

A
  • primary waves
  • secondary waves
59
Q

what are seismic waves

A

the energy transferred when forces inside the earth increas and become strong enough to break rock

60
Q

what are P-waves

A

they are logitudinal waves that cause intitial termours that are refracted when they enter the outer core

61
Q

what are S-waves

A

they are transverse waves that cannot travel through the outer core

62
Q

what happens when seismic waves travel through the mantle

A
  • bend
  • speed changes gradually ewith depth
  • therefore so does direction
63
Q

What is the shadow zone

A

a zone where no P or S waves are recorded becuase P waves are refracted and S waves cannot travel through liquid

64
Q

How do you convert something to a milli (m)

A

x1,000
x10^3

65
Q

How do you convert something to a micro (μ)

A

x1,000,000
x10^6

66
Q

how do you convert something to a kilo (k)

A

/1,000
x10^-3

67
Q

How do you convert something to a mega (M)

A

/1,000,000
x10^-6

68
Q

How do you convert something to a giga (G)

A

x1,000,000,000
x10^-9

69
Q

If the refracted index is lower with the wave speed up or slow down

A

speed up

70
Q

What angle must the angle of incidence be between

A

0 - 90 degrees

71
Q

describe how ultrasound is used in pre-natal scans

A
  • the ultrasound waves pass through the body
  • they reach the boundary between the fuild in the womb and the feotus’ skin
  • wave is reflected and detected and then processed by a computer
  • an image is created

Physics (12 decks)

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