p1. vineyard

Question 1

mechanical vs manual

Cost

Answer 1

0,1 vs =1$/ bt

Question 2

Restorative agrculture

What does it include?

Answer 2

Forestry
minimal traffic
cover crops
biodiveristy
minimum tilling
mulching
grazing”

Question 3

Frost

Answer 3

**Passive
Divico- frost rstistant
Cover crop
Pre-prunning
Delayed prunnin

Active
Sprinkler- Mumm 100K

Wind - >4C. large areas nZ/Casablanca - turbine 100K/ha Muga
Helicopter 5K/25ha.

Heater/Burners
Infra Red- AB
Hot air guns 15K

Question 4

PIWI

Answer 4

cross of European Vitis Vinifera and American Vitis labrusca or ripara
<5% of global vineyards-

1.Dissease resistansee -
Jurgen Armor Franconia- Cabernet Cortis
Organic and bio

2. Opportunity for marginal climate regions
   Chapel Down Baccus in UK
   Nicholas Abbinson (sweeden), farms 2ha of Solaris sparkling

3.Cost efficiency
time saving, less passes, consistent yields
Rio Grande du Sul- 93% hybrids- Cabernet cortis

3.Quality-Style
Rubired- widely used in Cali for colour/Hibrid of tinta cao
Limitations
take time Felicia JKI Institute took 36 years
Flavour profile with more VV in blend

4. Legal limitations
   Limitations: OIV definitions and regulations + Champagne VOLTIS

total resistant to powdery mildew and high resistance to downy mildew.
Up to 10%

Future :Champagne included Hybrid in permited varieties. charles heidsieck will be planting voltis as a response to climate change

Question 5

Rootstocks

Answer 5

Rootstock provide anchor,nutrition and water to the vines. Non V.V. can be grafted for other functions

1.P&D
Phyloxera- only long term solution SO4- H&H Humberto Jardim
Nematodos- Ramsey

2. Soil chemistry and pH- avoid toxicity
   Salinity- Paulsen
   Acidic soils- 99R
   Lime 41B- Aurelien Laherte VS Jerez X that is more resistent to drought

3.Water avaiaility
Sebastian Labbe- Santa Rita- 350ha CS 110 R
Miguel Galet- Ventisqueto- 100R too much vigour

4. Vine balance
   Vigour high= Ramsey (also drought resistant)- Taylors AU
   Low + Fruit maturity 5C Teleki- bin 169 penfold to regulate vigour of CS

also price- between 2-20USD

Question 6

Vne density

Answer 6

EU traditional 10k vines 1x1
**low density is better for warm climate and rich soils
**
CA-AU avf 3000pt/ha
high nutrients and irrigation increases yield
sun protection of canopy
cost effective and mechanization
Alan Raynolds Gallo- 4 crodon 2000 vines/ha 90hl/ha-Quadrilateral system
with 2000 vines/ha 1,5x3,4m

vs. Artemis Karamolegos 2500 vines/ha- 30 hl/ha Koulara 2,5x2,5
Michelini gobelet 2x2- 20hl/ha vs 70 avg

high density for cool climate poor soil dry farming

0,8 x 0,8- Burgundy

often cane priuning(guyot-Scott Henry) - thin canopy and for sprays
Podere li Ripi - Montalcino denser vineyard in the world 0,4x0,4 62,000 vines- bonsai like

Champage
8000 pants/ha 1x1,5- maximize acidity + leave surface AL- 19 seek freshness = more canopy vs 21- rainy, more aireation

impacr yield, vigrou, balance K and pH acidity and AC