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Physics > P1 topic 5&6 > Flashcards

P1 topic 5&6 Flashcards

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1
Q

how is an ammeter connected in a circuit?

A

in series

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2
Q

which way does conventional current flow?

A

from positive to negative

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3
Q

how is an voltmeter connected in a circuit?

A

it’s connected in parallel across the component

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4
Q

potential difference/voltage

A

the amount of energy transferred per unit charge

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5
Q

electrical power

A

the rate of energy transfer or the rate of work done

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6
Q

fuse

A

a very thin piece of wire that acts as a safety device in a mains plug- if a fault occurs and the current becomes too high, the fuse will melt and break the circuit, preventing further damage or a fire

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7
Q

current

A

the rate of flow of charge

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8
Q

what are dull black surfaces?

A

good radiators and absorbers of heat radiation

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9
Q

what is a bright shiny surface?

A

a poor absorber and radiator of heat- it reflects the heat radiation away

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10
Q

what will happen to objects that are warmer than their surroundings?

A

they will emit more energy per unit time than they absorb

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11
Q

what is the link between all objects and infrared radiation?

A

all objects emit, absorb and reflect infrared radiation

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12
Q

what does the amount of infrared radiation an object emits depend on?

A

its temperature and its surface

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13
Q

what do all objects greater than absolute zero do?

A

they emit infrared radiation- the hotter an object, the more power it radiates

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14
Q

thermal equilibrium

A

when the rate of heat absorption equals the rate of heat radiation and the temperature of an object remains steady

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15
Q

when will temperature rise?

A

when the rate of absorption is greater than the rate of radiation

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16
Q

what do all atoms have?

A

kinetic energy (due to their vibrations) and potential energy (due to their position)

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17
Q

heat energy of a substance

A

total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the atoms in a substance

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18
Q

how can you investigate the different rates of heat radiation of different surfaces?

A

you can compare the temperature over time of a silvered beaker and a blackened one

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19
Q

how can you investigate the different rates of heat absorption?

A

you can use a radiant heater between two copper plates- one silvered and one blackened- time how long it takes for each plate to get hot enough to melt some wax

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20
Q

thermal energy

A

an object at a higher temperature has greater thermal energy

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21
Q

light energy

A

light is a wave that is emitted from anything at a very high temperature

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22
Q

electrical energy

A

this is usually associated with electric current

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23
Q

sound energy

A

an object vibrating will emit sound

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24
Q

kinetic energy

A

this is energy due to movement

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25
Q

chemical energy

A

this is energy stored by atoms

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26
Q

nuclear energy

A

this is energy stored by the nuclei of atoms

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27
Q

elastic potential energy

A

an object that is pulled or squashed has this type of energy

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28
Q

gravitational potential energy

A

this is energy due to an object’s position in the Earth’s gravitational field- an object lifted higher will have greater gravitational potential energy

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29
Q

examples of thermal energy

A

heater, the Sun, hot water

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30
Q

example of light energy

A

lamp, stars, fire

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31
Q

examines of electrical energy

A

mains supply, overhead cables, output from a transformer

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32
Q

examples of sound energy

A

buzzer, bell, siren, person talking

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33
Q

examples of kinetic energy

A

person running, high-speed train, planet orbiting the sun

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34
Q

examples of chemical energy

A

food, chemical cell, coal

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35
Q

examples of nuclear energy

A

nuclear power station, radioactivity, nuclear bombs

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36
Q

examples of elastic potential energy

A

a stretched rubber band, cables supporting a bridge

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37
Q

examples of gravitational potential energy

A

aeroplane in the sky, person up a ladder

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38
Q

what must happen when anything moves or changes?

A

an energy transfer must happen

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39
Q

principle of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can simply be transferred from one form to another- total energy input must be equal to risk beefy output

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40
Q

what is the useful energy transferred in a lightbulb?

A

light

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41
Q

what is the water energy transferred in a lightbulb?

A

heat

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42
Q

what is the most common form of wasted energy?

A

heat- the heat energy produced may be due to electric currents flowing in wires or due to friction between moving surfaces

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43
Q

efficiency

A

a measure of how well a device transfers energy in the form we want- the proportion of input energy that is transferred to useful form

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44
Q

sankey diagrams

A

energy-transfer diagrams that die the different forms energy takes during a transfer-thickness of arrow is drawn to scale to show the amount if energy transferred

45
Q

when is a voltage induced? what is electromagnetic induction?

A

when a wire is moved in a magnetic field- if the piece of wire is part of a circuit, a current will flow

46
Q

how is the direction of current reversed?

A

when the motion of wire is reversed or when the magnet is turned around

47
Q

when is a voltage anyways induced?

A

when there is relative movement between a magnet and a coil of wire- the induced voltage is larger when the magnet is moved more quickly

48
Q

what do you need in order to generate electricity?

A

a magnet, a coil of wire and movement

49
Q

how do you create a continuous induced current?

A

you must keep the magnet moving relative to the coil of wire- it doesn’t matter whether the coil or the magnet moves

50
Q

how can the size of an induced current be increased?

A

putting more turns in the coil, using an iron core inside the coil of wire, stronger magnets, faster movement

51
Q

how do bicycles produce energy for their lights?

A

using dynamos- wind up radios and torches also use them

52
Q

generator

A

electricity induced in the coil of the generator is transferred to a circuit through the slip rings, which touch carbon brushed attached to the circuit- sling rings and bridges allow electricity to flow between the moving coil and stationary circuit without wires getting twisted

53
Q

electrical generator

A

a coil is rotated in a magnetic field- as the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic field lines to induce a voltage across the coil- the coil has slip rings, which are connected to a circuit via brushes- this causes an alternating current to flow in the circuit

54
Q

direct current

A

always flows in the same direction- cell provides direct current

55
Q

alternating current

A

changed direction at a frequency determined by a rotating coil

56
Q

what frequency is mains electricity generated at?

A

50 Hz

57
Q

what does the variation with time follow?

A

a sinusoidal curve

58
Q

transformer

A

a device that converts the voltage of an alternating current supply to another voltage

59
Q

what is a transformer made up of?

A

two coils of wire are wrapped around a soft iron core- the ac voltage supply is connected to the primary coil and the output ac voltage is induced across the secondary coil

60
Q

step up transformer

A

conveys a low voltage input to a higher voltage output- the primary coil will have fewer turns than the secondary coil

61
Q

step down transformer

A

confess a fight voltage input to a Lowe voltage output- the primary coil will have more turns than the secondary coil

62
Q

national grid

A

network of pylons, high voltage cables and transformers that carries electricity from power stations across the country

63
Q

how are step up transformers used in the national grid?

A

they increase the 23kV power station output to higher voltages (275kV or 400kV) reducing heat loss in the cables and improving efficiency of transmission

64
Q

how are step down transformers used in the national grid?

A

they lower the voltage to 230V, which is safer for homes

65
Q

why can overhead cables cause serious harm?

A

electricity transmission is hazardous- the cables are not insulated, so they can cause serious harm or even death if they are touched

66
Q

how can risks of electricity cables be reduced?

A

risks can be minimised by burning cables underground, but this makes it expensive and difficult to maintain cables- suspending them fro. pylons is a cheaper option

67
Q

how is an ac voltage induced in a transformer?

A

the ac voltage in the primary coil of a transformer creates and ever-changing magnetic field around it- the magnetic soft iron core channels the magnetic field through the secondary coil- the alternating magnetic field will continuously cut through the wires in the secondary coil and the ac voltage will be induced

68
Q

what sort of current do transformers only work with?

A

alternating current

69
Q

why are coal, oil and natural had called fossil fuels?

A

they are formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals

70
Q

why are fossil fuels and nuclear firms non renewable resources?

A

they cannot be replaced and will eventually run out

71
Q

advantages of coal

A

fuel is cheap, coal-burning power stations have a quick start-up time, coal will last at least 200 years

72
Q

advantages of natural gas

A

gas-fired power stations are efficient and have the quickest start-up time so they are flexible at meeting demand for power, gas will last another 50 years, gas doesn’t produce sulfur dioxide

73
Q

advantages of oil

A

oil burning power statins have a quick start-up time, there is enough oil left to last 50 years

74
Q

advantages of nuclear fuel

A

nuclear power statins are located far away from population centres, it died t product carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide

75
Q

disadvantages of coal

A

burning it produces carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide produces acid rain, mining can be dangerous, stockpiles are needed to meet demand

76
Q

disadvantages of natural gas

A

burning gas produces carbon dioxide (although less than coal and oil), pipelines necessary for transporting gas are expensive

77
Q

disadvantages of oil

A

burning oil release carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, oil prices are extremely variable, there is danger of spillage and pollution during transport of oil by road rail or sea

78
Q

disadvantages of nuclear fuel

A

building and decommissioning a power station is expensive, start-up time is the longest; radioactive waste remains dangerous for thousands of years

79
Q

solar power

A

turns light energy from the Sun into electrical energy, using solar cells

80
Q

wind power

A

is used to rotate huge propeller blades on a turbine to generate electricity

81
Q

wave power

A

generated when large floats containing coils and magnets move up and down with ocean waves

82
Q

hydroelectric power

A

when fast-flowing water, stored in a reservoir above a power station is used to generate electricity

83
Q

tidal power

A

used seawater from incoming and outgoing tides to create electricity

84
Q

biomass

A

organic material from decaying plant or animal waste is used as fuel in power staton, in the sane way fossil fuels are-wood can be used in a power staton in a similar way

85
Q

why don’t we always use renewable resources?

A

although they cost nothing to use and produce no greenhouse gases, the cost of building renewable power stations is substantial

86
Q

advantages of solar power

A

useful in remote areas, single homes can have their own electricity supply

87
Q

advantages of wind power

A

can be built offshore

88
Q

advantages of wave and tidal power

A

ideal for island countries

89
Q

advantages of hydroelectric power

A

creates water reserved as well as electricity supplies

90
Q

advantages of biomass and wood

A

cheap and readily available as a source of energy- if replaced, biomass can be a long term, sustainable energy source

91
Q

disadvantages of solar power

A

no power at night or when it’s cloudy

92
Q

disadvantages of wind power

A

can cause noise and visual pollution, amount of electricity depends heavily on the weather

93
Q

disadvantages of wave and tidal power

A

May be opposed by local or environmental groups

94
Q

disadvantages of hydroelectric power

A

can cause flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes

95
Q

disadvantages of biomass and wood

A

gives off carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide when burned, biomass and wood are only renewable resources if crops and trees are replanted

96
Q

greenhouse effect

A

infrared radiation emitted by the surface of the earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere- this causes the atmosphere to warm up in a process called the greenhouse effect

97
Q

what different fuse ratings are available?

A

1A, 3A, 5A and 13A

98
Q

what is one watt equivalent to?

A

one joule per second

99
Q

kilowatt-hour

A

the energy used by an appliance of power 1kW used for 1 hour- it’s the unit of energy used by electrical suppliers and is used on electricity bills

100
Q

what is the kilowatt-hour a unit of?

A

energy- not power

101
Q

examples of energy-saving devices?

A

compact fluorescent bulbs, motion-activated lights, home insulation and standby detection devices

102
Q

payback time

A

the number of years it takes it get back the cost of an energy-saving method

103
Q

how do you calculate payback time?

A

initial cost divided by annual saving

104
Q

what does installing double glazing do?

A

it provides better soundproofing and increases the saleability of a home

105
Q

what are all electrical appliances marked with?

A

a power rating in watts or kilowatts

106
Q

what does the cell do in a circuit?

A

it gives energy to the electrons so that they can transfer energy to the components of the circuit- the chemical energy in the cell is converted to electrical energy of the electrons

107
Q

how does the voltage add up in a series circuit?

A

the voltage across individual components adds up to the voltage across the power supply

108
Q

how does the voltage add up in parallel circuits?

A

the voltage across each component is the same as the voltage across the power supply

109
Q

what is the potential difference of 1 volt?

A

1 joule of energy per coulomb of charge

Physics (15 decks)

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