P1 topic 1 & 2

Question 0

wave

Answer 0

transfer of energy, information or data, but not matter

Question 1

Amplitude

Answer 1

furthest point a particle gets from the equilibrium

Question 2

oscillation

Answer 2

moving backwards/forwards or up/down around an equilibrium position

Question 3

wavelength

Answer 3

distance from one point on the wave to the next consecutive similar point

Question 4

frequency

Answer 4

how many whole waves go past a certain point per second

Question 5

longitudinal waves

Answer 5

particles oscillate parallel to the direction of the wave e.g: primary seismic waves, water waves and sound waves

Question 6

transverse waves

Answer 6

particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of the wave e.g: secondary seismic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum

Question 7

Retrograde motion

Answer 7

Mars

Question 8

Kuiper belt

Answer 8

it consists of several frozen bodies orbiting beyond Neptune- it’s believed to be the source of all comets

Question 9

who proposed the geocentric model of the solar system?

Answer 9

Ptolemy- it was used by the ancient Greeks

Question 10

How did Ptolemy explain the occasional retrograde motion of Mars?

Answer 10

using epicycles

Question 11

who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe?

Answer 11

Copernicus in the 14th century

Question 12

What does the heliocentric model say about the stars?

Answer 12

they are in a fixed dome beyond Saturn

Question 13

Why didn’t Copernicus’ model accurately predict the position of the planets

Answer 13

he used circular orbits

Question 14

what did Kepler do?

Answer 14

in the 1600s, he realised that the planets had elliptical orbits

Question 15

Who first observed the night sky using a telescope?

Answer 15

Galilei in the 17th century

Question 16

What did Galilei see?

Answer 16

mountains on the moon and 4 moons orbiting Jupiter

Question 17

Where does the asteroid belt lie?

Answer 17

between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

Question 18

How does the Hubble space telescope take pictures?

Answer 18

using visible light as well as ultraviolet and infrared

Question 19

what other EM wave can be used to take pictures?

Answer 19

x rays

Question 20

How do space observatories use infrared to produce images?

Answer 20

cooler objects emit more infrared than visible light- infrared astronomy was used to discover the Kuiper belt

Question 21

where does a ray move relative to the normal when it slows down?

Answer 21

it bends towards the normal

Question 22

what’s another name for a converging lens?

Answer 22

convex

Question 23

what’s another name for a diverging lens?

Answer 23

concave

Question 24

what are converging lenses used for)

Answer 24

to form images in telescopes, cameras, projectors, binoculars and our eyes

Question 25

what happens to the focal length as the lens gets fatter?

Answer 25

it gets shorter

Question 26

Oort Cloud

Answer 26

the outermost region of the solar system- this consists of billions of lumps of rock and ice

Question 27

real image

Answer 27

an image formed on the other side of the lens to the object- a real image can be formed on a screen

Question 28

virtual image

Answer 28

an image formed on the same side of the lens as the object- it can be seen by looking through lens but it can't be projected into a screen

Question 29

what type of images can a converging lens produce?

Answer 29

both magnified and diminished images, depending on position of object

Question 30

what will happen when the distance between the object and the lens is greater than 2f?

Answer 30

image will be inverted, real and diminished

Question 31

what will happen when the object distance is between f and 2f?

Answer 31

image will be inverted, real and magnified

Question 32

what will happen when the object is closer to the lens than the focal length?

Answer 32

image is virtual, upright and magnified (this is a magnifying glass)

Question 33

what made the image in early telescopes a bit blurred?

Answer 33

lenses have different focal points for different colours of light

Question 34

how can a clearer image be formed?

Answer 34

by using a concave (parabolic) mirror in place of the objective lens

Question 35

modern refracting telescopes

Answer 35

both objective and eyepiece lenses are converging- the objective lens produced an image of a distant object at its focal point, but the eyepiece magnifies the image

Question 36

refracting telescopes vs reflecting telescopes

Answer 36

can be much larger and are easier to manoeuvre than refracting telescopes- this is because a mirror has a much smaller mass than a bulky lens

Question 37

reflecting telescope

Answer 37

uses a large diverging/concave mirror, a plane mirror and a converging lens- the concave mirror fiend an image of a distant object, which is then reflected towards the eyepiece using the plane mirror

Question 38

why are modern telescopes usually housed in observatories on high mountains?

Answer 38

little light pollution from cities, air is cooler so there is less interference from the atmosphere

Question 39

waves

Answer 39

transfer energy and information from one place to another using vibrations, but they do not transfer matter in the direction that they are travelling

Question 40

compressions

Answer 40

regions where particles are pushed together and create a region of higher pressure in a sound wave

Question 41

rarefactions

Answer 41

regions where particles are pulled apart and create regions of low pressure in sound waves

Question 42

where do rarefactions and compressions occur?

Answer 42

in longitudinal waves

Question 43

what are seismic waves produced by?

Answer 43

earthquakes and explosions

Question 44

how are seismic waves detected?

Answer 44

using a seismographs or seismometer

Question 45

how is the vibration of the earth'a surface recorded?

Answer 45

by its motion relative to a heavy pendulum

Question 46

Herschel

Answer 46

discovered infrared in 1800, whilst investigating the temp of visible spectrum- found hottest temp beyond red end of spectrum, where there was nothing visible- infrared have longer wavelengths than red light

Question 47

Ritter

Answer 47

discovered uv in 1801, whilst experimenting with silver chloride used in photography- rate of reaction was faster beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum- uv have a shorter wavelength than violet light

Question 48

what are the three types of UV waves?

Answer 48

UV-A, UV-B, UV-C

Question 49

which UV waves have the shortest wavelength and therefore are the most harmful?

Answer 49

UV-C waves

Question 50

electromagnetic waves

Answer 50

all are transverse and travel at the sand speed in a vacuum (300 000 000 m/s)

Question 51

why are em waves transverse?

Answer 51

em waves consist of an oscillating electric field combined with an oscillating magnetic field- the 2 oscillating field are at right angled to each other and the direction of wave travel, so EM waves are transverse