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GCSE Biology > P1-Topic 3- Genetic > Flashcards

P1-Topic 3- Genetic Flashcards

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1
Q

Which structures are found inside the nucleus?

A

chromsomes

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2
Q

Which substance forms a long strand in each chromosome?

A

DNA

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3
Q

How do body cells make copies of themselves?

A

cell division, mitosis

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell nucleus?

A

46

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5
Q

What happens in fertilisation?

A

two gametes fuse

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6
Q

What is the name of the cell formed in fertilisation?

A

zygote, fertilised egg cell

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7
Q

Which term means producing more of the same kind of organism?

A

reproduction

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8
Q

What is the name of the human male gamete?

A

sperm cell

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9
Q

The DNA strand in a chromosome contains sections that carry instructions for characteristics. What are these sections called?

A

genes

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10
Q

What molecule forms the genome of an organism?

A

DNA

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11
Q

Where are genes found?

A

[in sections of DNA] on chromosomes

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12
Q

What does a gene carry the instructions for?

A

making a protein

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13
Q

A protein is made by linking together smaller molecules. What are these smaller molecules called?

A

amino acids

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14
Q

What is any molecule made of repeating units called?

A

a polymer

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15
Q

A human cell contains 46 strands of DNA. Is it diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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16
Q

Are the cells produced by meiosis haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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17
Q

Are the cells produced by mitosis haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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18
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

a double helix

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19
Q

What is a chromosome made out of?

A

DNA and proteins [to package the DNA]

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20
Q

What shape is a DNA molecule?

A

double helix

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21
Q

What part of a DNA strand contains the instructions for a protein?

A

gene

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22
Q

What are the letters of the bases that form the DNA code?

A

A,C,T and G

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23
Q

How do these bases pair up in DNA?

A

A with T, C with G

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24
Q

Apart from bases, what other parts are needed in a DNA molecule?

A

phosphate group, sugar

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25
Q

What is one phosphate group, one sugar and one base called?

A

nucleotide

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26
Q

Why is DNA a polymer?

A

It is made of many nucleotides joined in a chain.

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27
Q

Give an example of a protein.

A

any example. E.g. an enzyme

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28
Q

How is the active site of an enzyme formed?

A

by folding of protein/polypeptide/amino acid chains

29
Q

Why are proteins polymers?

A

They are made of many amino acids joined in a chain.

30
Q

Triple only- What molecule is produced in transcription?

A

mRNA or messenger RNA

31
Q

Triple only- What base does mRNA contain that DNA does not?

A

uracil

32
Q

Triple only-What is the name of the enzyme that allows transcription to occur?

A

RNA polymerase

33
Q

Triple only-The mRNA nucleotides fit together with the nucleotides on the DNA template strand. What word describes bases that fit together?

A

complementary

34
Q

Triple only- Where does transcription occur in a cell?

A

nucleus

35
Q

Triple only-Where does translation occur in a cell?

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

Triple only-What has to bind to an mRNA molecule for translation to occur?

A

ribosome

37
Q

Triple only-What molecule carries amino acids to the mRNA in the ribosome?

A

tRNA

38
Q

Triple only- What has to happen to the polypeptide for an enzyme in order for it to become a functional enzyme?

A

It has to fold

39
Q

How many bases does a codon contain?

A

three

40
Q

Triple only-What does each codon contain the code for?

A

the addition of a particular amino acid to the polypeptide chain

41
Q

Triple only-What is the name of the process in which the genetic code is used to make a polypeptide?

A

translation

42
Q

A change in the bases of a gene creates a genetic variant. What is this sort of change called?

A

mutation

43
Q

Triple only-What does translation produce?

A

a polypeptide

44
Q

Triple only- Why might a mutation in a codon not cause a change in the polypeptide produced?

A

It does not affect the amino acid that is coded for.

45
Q

Triple only- Why can a difference of a single amino acid change how a protein functions?

A

It can interfere with the way the polypeptide chain(s) fold(s).

46
Q

Triple only- What has to bind to an mRNA molecule for translation to occur?

A

ribosome

47
Q

Triple only- Why might a mutation in the non-coding region before a gene cause an increase in the production of a certain protein?

A

The mutation causes RNA polymerase to bind better.

48
Q

What is an organism’s phenotype?

A

its observed characteristics

49
Q

What are different versions of the same gene called?

A

alleles

50
Q

What sort of variation do alleles cause in organisms?

A

genetic variation

51
Q

When we consider one gene, what word is used to say that both alleles are the same?

A

homozygous

52
Q

If a dominant allele has the letter A, how would you show that an organism is heterozygous?

A

Aa

53
Q

What word describes the characteristics caused by the alleles of a gene?

A

phenotype

54
Q

What word describes the alleles of a gene found in an organism?

A

genotype

55
Q

What word describes an allele that only has an effect if an organism has two copies?

A

recessive

56
Q

A genotype is written QQ. What does this tell you?

A

It is homozygous for the dominant allele.

57
Q

What is a probability?

A

the chance of an event occurring

58
Q

If the occurrence of an event has a probability of 1, what does this mean?

A

It is certain to occur.

59
Q

Triple only- What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

inheritance of alleles of one gene

60
Q

Triple only- In monohybrid inheritance, what is the theoretical probability of parents who are both heterozygous for a gene producing an offspring that is also heterozygous for the gene?

A

probability 50 per cent or half

61
Q

Triple only- In monohybrid inheritance, what is the theoretical ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes produced by parents who are both heterozygous for the characteristic?

A

03:01

62
Q

Triple only- What letters are used to describe the different human blood groups?

A

A, B, O

63
Q

How can we show the possible inheritance of alleles by offspring from their parents?

A

genetic diagram, Punnett square

64
Q

Which type of diagram is used to show the inheritance of a characteristic through different generations in a family?

A

family pedigree

65
Q

If the genotype for one gene of a rabbit is Bb, where B is the allele for brown coat and b the allele for black coat, what is the rabbit’s phenotype?

A

brown

66
Q

What are the possible allele combinations of offspring from heterozygous parents who are both Aa for a gene?

A

AA, Aa and aa

67
Q

A human egg cell that contains an X sex chromosome is fertilised by a sperm cell containing a Y sex chromosome. What will be the sex of the baby that develops?

A

male

68
Q

What is the theoretical probability of a couple having a baby boy?

A

probability 50 per cent or half

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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