P1-Topic 3- Genetic

Question 1

Which structures are found inside the nucleus?

Answer 1

chromsomes

Question 2

Which substance forms a long strand in each chromosome?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

How do body cells make copies of themselves?

Answer 3

cell division, mitosis

Question 4

How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell nucleus?

Answer 4

46

Question 5

What happens in fertilisation?

Answer 5

two gametes fuse

Question 6

What is the name of the cell formed in fertilisation?

Answer 6

zygote, fertilised egg cell

Question 7

Which term means producing more of the same kind of organism?

Answer 7

reproduction

Question 8

What is the name of the human male gamete?

Answer 8

sperm cell

Question 9

The DNA strand in a chromosome contains sections that carry instructions for characteristics. What are these sections called?

Answer 9

genes

Question 10

What molecule forms the genome of an organism?

Answer 10

DNA

Question 11

Where are genes found?

Answer 11

[in sections of DNA] on chromosomes

Question 12

What does a gene carry the instructions for?

Answer 12

making a protein

Question 13

A protein is made by linking together smaller molecules. What are these smaller molecules called?

Answer 13

amino acids

Question 14

What is any molecule made of repeating units called?

Answer 14

a polymer

Question 15

A human cell contains 46 strands of DNA. Is it diploid or haploid?

Answer 15

diploid

Question 16

Are the cells produced by meiosis haploid or diploid?

Answer 16

haploid

Question 17

Are the cells produced by mitosis haploid or diploid?

Answer 17

diploid

Question 18

What shape is DNA?

Answer 18

a double helix

Question 19

What is a chromosome made out of?

Answer 19

DNA and proteins [to package the DNA]

Question 20

What shape is a DNA molecule?

Answer 20

double helix

Question 21

What part of a DNA strand contains the instructions for a protein?

Answer 21

gene

Question 22

What are the letters of the bases that form the DNA code?

Answer 22

A,C,T and G

Question 23

How do these bases pair up in DNA?

Answer 23

A with T, C with G

Question 24

Apart from bases, what other parts are needed in a DNA molecule?

Answer 24

phosphate group, sugar

Question 25

What is one phosphate group, one sugar and one base called?

Answer 25

nucleotide

Question 26

Why is DNA a polymer?

Answer 26

It is made of many nucleotides joined in a chain.

Question 27

Give an example of a protein.

Answer 27

any example. E.g. an enzyme

Question 28

How is the active site of an enzyme formed?

Answer 28

by folding of protein/polypeptide/amino acid chains

Question 29

Why are proteins polymers?

Answer 29

They are made of many amino acids joined in a chain.

Question 30

Triple only- What molecule is produced in transcription?

Answer 30

mRNA or messenger RNA

Question 31

Triple only- What base does mRNA contain that DNA does not?

Answer 31

uracil

Question 32

Triple only-What is the name of the enzyme that allows transcription to occur?

Answer 32

RNA polymerase

Question 33

Triple only-The mRNA nucleotides fit together with the nucleotides on the DNA template strand. What word describes bases that fit together?

Answer 33

complementary

Question 34

Triple only- Where does transcription occur in a cell?

Answer 34

nucleus

Question 35

Triple only-Where does translation occur in a cell?

Answer 35

cytoplasm

Question 36

Triple only-What has to bind to an mRNA molecule for translation to occur?

Answer 36

ribosome

Question 37

Triple only-What molecule carries amino acids to the mRNA in the ribosome?

Answer 37

tRNA

Question 38

Triple only- What has to happen to the polypeptide for an enzyme in order for it to become a functional enzyme?

Answer 38

It has to fold

Question 39

How many bases does a codon contain?

Answer 39

three

Question 40

Triple only-What does each codon contain the code for?

Answer 40

the addition of a particular amino acid to the polypeptide chain

Question 41

Triple only-What is the name of the process in which the genetic code is used to make a polypeptide?

Answer 41

translation

Question 42

A change in the bases of a gene creates a genetic variant. What is this sort of change called?

Answer 42

mutation

Question 43

Triple only-What does translation produce?

Answer 43

a polypeptide

Question 44

Triple only- Why might a mutation in a codon not cause a change in the polypeptide produced?

Answer 44

It does not affect the amino acid that is coded for.

Question 45

Triple only- Why can a difference of a single amino acid change how a protein functions?

Answer 45

It can interfere with the way the polypeptide chain(s) fold(s).

Question 46

Triple only- What has to bind to an mRNA molecule for translation to occur?

Answer 46

ribosome

Question 47

Triple only- Why might a mutation in the non-coding region before a gene cause an increase in the production of a certain protein?

Answer 47

The mutation causes RNA polymerase to bind better.

Question 48

What is an organism’s phenotype?

Answer 48

its observed characteristics

Question 49

What are different versions of the same gene called?

Answer 49

alleles

Question 50

What sort of variation do alleles cause in organisms?

Answer 50

genetic variation

Question 51

When we consider one gene, what word is used to say that both alleles are the same?

Answer 51

homozygous

Question 52

If a dominant allele has the letter A, how would you show that an organism is heterozygous?

Answer 52

Aa

Question 53

What word describes the characteristics caused by the alleles of a gene?

Answer 53

phenotype

Question 54

What word describes the alleles of a gene found in an organism?

Answer 54

genotype

Question 55

What word describes an allele that only has an effect if an organism has two copies?

Answer 55

recessive

Question 56

A genotype is written QQ. What does this tell you?

Answer 56

It is homozygous for the dominant allele.

Question 57

What is a probability?

Answer 57

the chance of an event occurring

Question 58

If the occurrence of an event has a probability of 1, what does this mean?

Answer 58

It is certain to occur.

Question 59

Triple only- What is monohybrid inheritance?

Answer 59

inheritance of alleles of one gene

Question 60

Triple only- In monohybrid inheritance, what is the theoretical probability of parents who are both heterozygous for a gene producing an offspring that is also heterozygous for the gene?

Answer 60

probability 50 per cent or half

Question 61

Triple only- In monohybrid inheritance, what is the theoretical ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes produced by parents who are both heterozygous for the characteristic?

Answer 61

03:01

Question 62

Triple only- What letters are used to describe the different human blood groups?

Answer 62

A, B, O

Question 63

How can we show the possible inheritance of alleles by offspring from their parents?

Answer 63

genetic diagram, Punnett square

Question 64

Which type of diagram is used to show the inheritance of a characteristic through different generations in a family?

Answer 64

family pedigree

Question 65

If the genotype for one gene of a rabbit is Bb, where B is the allele for brown coat and b the allele for black coat, what is the rabbit’s phenotype?

Answer 65

brown

Question 66

What are the possible allele combinations of offspring from heterozygous parents who are both Aa for a gene?

Answer 66

AA, Aa and aa

Question 67

A human egg cell that contains an X sex chromosome is fertilised by a sperm cell containing a Y sex chromosome. What will be the sex of the baby that develops?

Answer 67

male

Question 68

What is the theoretical probability of a couple having a baby boy?

Answer 68

probability 50 per cent or half