P1 - Sociocultural - Cultural influences on individual attitudes

Question 1

what is enculturation?

Answer 1

process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practises and values

how we learn about our own culture

not complete but a continuous process

Question 2

what are cultural schemas?

Answer 2

structure of prior knowledge shared by the population of a cultural group

developed through interaction and feedback from members of the group

accepting and internalising schemas linked to culture

Question 3

how does culture influence us?

Answer 3

music, community rituals, language, food, gender roles, health and illness, morality

Question 4

what can enculturation occur through?

Answer 4

direct tuition : parents tell you what you are supposed to do

participatory learning : children engage in an activity and then transfer the learning to later situations

Question 5

what study do we use for enculturation?

Answer 5

odden and rochat 2004

Question 6

what is the aim for odden and rochat 2004?

Answer 6

to study the role of observational learning on the development of cultural norms in Samoa and specifically on the behaviour of line fishing and the understanding of rank and hierarchy

Question 7

what is the background/procedure for Odden and Rochat 2004

Answer 7

Samoan culture is very hierarchal, including ranks of parents and child

parents have a strong non-interactionist approach to to their children and learning

Samoan children are left on their own to learn things.

as fishing lines are limited, children dont participate in fishing with adults

data was collected with interviews and observations

Question 8

what are the findings of Odden and Rochat 2004?

Answer 8

• young males spend a lot of time watching adult male’s fish
• children around 10 year olds would borrow fishing equipment without supervision
• by 12, they were able to fish on their own
• no direct instruction about hierarchal structure and chief system but overheard from conversations and observe
• gave a questionaire to 48 12 year olds about chief system which showed a broad understanding

Question 9

what is the conclusion of Odden and Rochat 2004

Answer 9

cultural norms are not directly taught but learned through active observation

supports enculturation and that values of culture can be learnt through others

Question 10

link Odden and Rochat to social cognitive theory

Answer 10

attention: children observed parents behaviour, and since its hierarchal, they look up to role models due to power dynamic

retention and reproduction: used to borrow fishing lined to practise

motivation: they might have known they wouldnt learn this skill if they didnt do it themselves

particiaptory learning

Question 11

what is acculturation?

Answer 11

process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviours of that culture

Question 12

what is integration?

Answer 12

individuals maintain old heritage and interact with other groups and adopt norms of the new culture

Question 13

what is assimilation?

Answer 13

individuals adopt norms of new culture and dont maintain old culture

Question 14

what is seperation?

Answer 14

maintain norms of their old culture and dont interact with other groups or adopt new norms

Question 15

what is marginalisation?

Answer 15

do not maintain old culture or interact with new culture

Question 16

what is acculturative stress?

Answer 16

psychological, somatic and social impact of adaption to a new culture. Difficulties often result in anxiety, depression and other forms of mental and physical stress, often referred as ‘culture shock’

Question 17

what study do we use for acculturation?

Answer 17

Berry 2006

Question 18

what is the aim of Berry 2006?

Answer 18

to investigate how well immigrant youth adapt to new cultures from a psychological and sociocultural viewpoint

Question 19

what is the method of Berry 2006? - acculturation

Answer 19

26 cultural backgrounds from 13 countries
7997 participants - 5366 immigrant youths and 2631 national youths
13-18 years old
sampled from same neighbourhoods

structured questionaires, anonymous responses about: acculturation attitudes, cultural identity, acculturative stress, sociocultural adaption. 1-5 likert scale on agreements such as: “i prefer social activities with nationals only” and “i dont want to attend either national or ethnic social activities”

Question 20

what are the results of Berry 2006 - acculturation

Answer 20

data is analysed to generate four immigration profiles

• integration profile: followed integration strategy
• national profile: followed assimilation strategy
• ethnic profile: followed seperation
• diffuse profile: unclear mix of seperation, assimilation and marginalisation

no significant differences between immigrant and national youth on psychological adaption

boys scored higher on psychological adaption, whilst girls scored higher on sociocultural adaption

Question 21

what is the conclusion of Berry 2006 - acculturation?

Answer 21

integration was most successful acculturation strategy - most linked to positive psychological and sociocultural adaption

more involvement with one’s heritage appears to be more important for psychological adaption, as we are happier in who we are if we have a connection with new and old culture.