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GCSE Physics > P1 - Energy Transfer By Heating > Flashcards

P1 - Energy Transfer By Heating Flashcards

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0
Q

How does temp. effect the amount of infrared radiation an object emits?

A

The hotter the object, the more infrared radiation it emits.

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1
Q

What type of object emits infrared radiation?

A

All objects emit infrared radiation.

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2
Q

What are radio, micro and infrared radiation waves?

A

They are electromagnetic waves.

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3
Q

Give three more examples of electromagnetic waves.

A

Visible light, X-Rays, ultraviolet rays

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4
Q

How fast to electromagnetic waves travel?

A

300,000,000 metres per second (ms^-1)

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5
Q

What blocks UV rays from the Sun?

A

The Earth’s ozone layer.

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6
Q

What electromagnetic wave doesn’t Earth’s atmosphere block?

A

Infrared Radiation

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7
Q

Explain the Greenhouse Effect

A
  • Short wavelength IR passes through the glass and warms the objects within.
  • Longer wavelengths are emitted by the objects trapping the IR inside the greenhouse.
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8
Q

Name three gases that trap IR.

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane.

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9
Q

Give one effect of the planet warming

A

Polar ice caps will melt causing the sea level to rise.

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10
Q

Define infrared radiation

A

Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves

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11
Q

How does a PIR sensor work?

A

They work by detecting infrared radiation.

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12
Q

What is the best reflector of IR?

A

Light, shiny, smooth surfaces

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13
Q

What surface is best at absorbing and emitting IR?

A

Dark, Matt surfaces

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14
Q

Give the four main properties of a solid.

A
  • It doesn’t flow.
  • It has a fixed shape.
  • It has a fixed volume.
  • It has a high density.
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15
Q

Give the four main properties of a liquid.

A
  • It flows.
  • It fits the container shape.
  • It has a fixed volume.
  • It is more dense than gas.
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16
Q

Give the four main properties of a gas.

A
  • It flows.
  • It fits the container.
  • Its volume can be changed.
  • It has a low density.
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17
Q

Give the process of a liquid to a gas.

A

Vaporisation

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18
Q

Give the process of a liquid to a solid.

A

Solidification/Freezing

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19
Q

Give the process of a gas to a solid.

A

Condensation

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20
Q

Give the process of gas to liquid.

A

Condensation

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21
Q

Give the process of solid to gas.

A

Sublimation

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22
Q

Give the process of solid to liquid.

A

Melting

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23
Q

Give an example of sublimation.

A

Solid carbon dioxide i.e dry ice

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24
Q

How are the atoms in a solid arranged?

A

They are in uniform fixed positions and vibrate about their position.

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25
Q

How are the atoms in a liquid arranged?

A

The particles are in contact with each other but can move randomly.

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26
Q

How are the particles in gas arranged?

A

Particles move at random very fast and very far apart. The density is very low.

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27
Q

What state’s particles have the most kinetic energy?

A

Gas particles have the most kinetic energy then liquid particles.

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28
Q

What type of material is the best conductor of energy?

A

Metals are the best conductors.

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29
Q

What materials are the best insulators?

A

Wool and fibreglass are good insulators.

30
Q

Why does metal conduct energy?

A

Metals have free electrons which diffuse and collide with other electrons and ions transferring kinetic energy.

31
Q

How do electrons move in a metal?

A

They move randomly.

32
Q

Why don’t non-metals conduct energy well?

A

Non-metals don’t contain free electrons to transfer kinetic energy.

33
Q

How does energy transfer take place in non-metals?

A

The atoms vibrate and shake each other which is less effective than free electrons.

34
Q

Why are wool and fibreglass good insulators?

A

Air gets trapped in the fibres and air is a good insulator.

35
Q

What states does convection occur in?

A

Liquids and gases.

36
Q

How does an old boiler use convection?

A

Hot water rises to the top of the tank which is connected to a hot water tap.

37
Q

Define convection

A

The circulation of a fluid caused by heating it.

38
Q

Why do hot fluids rise?

A

Heating a fluid makes it less dense causing it to rise above the more dense fluid and causes circulation in a sealed unit.

39
Q

Why does the fluid become less dense?

A

The particles in the fluid gain kinetic energy and move more so it occupies a bigger volume

40
Q

What are the advantages of using data logging software?

A

The risk of human error is reduced.

41
Q

Why do matt surfaces absorb radiation?

A

A matt surface is rough meaning the IR is scattered and absorbed at multiple points.

42
Q

Why don’t smooth surfaces emit much radiation?

A

They have a smaller surface area.

43
Q

What is evaporation?

A

This is the change of state from liquid to gas.

44
Q

How does cooling by evaporation work?

A

Faster moving molecules i.e with more kinetic energy, escape from the liquid reducing the temperature.

45
Q

Give three ways of increasing the speed of evaporation.

A
  • Increasing the surface area of the liquid.
  • Increasing the liquid’s temperature.
  • Creating a draught of air across the surface.
46
Q

Explain what happens to the liquid molecules during evaporation.

A
  • As the temp. increases the molecules gain more kinetic energy.
  • The intermolecular forces weaken.
  • Fast moving molecules escape into gas.
47
Q

What factors affect the rate of condensation?

A
  • Increasing the surface area.

- Reducing the surface temperature.

48
Q

What properties does a car radiator have?

A
  • Large surface area.

- Gaps to allow convection and radiation.

49
Q

How does a flask keep a drink warm or cool?

A
  • Contains a vacuum to stop conduction and convection.
  • Has silver surfaces to stop radiation.
  • Plastic shell and supports which are good insulators.
  • Plastic cap stops cooling by evaporation.
50
Q

Why does the liquid in a flask eventually cool?

A

The preventative measures do not entirely stop heat transfer.

51
Q

How is a radiator used in a computer?

A

A metal heat sink sits on top of some components and has a large surface area. Some are also accompanied by a fan to improve ventilation.

52
Q

How does the temp. difference between an object and it’s surroundings effect the rate of energy transfer?

A

The bigger the temp. difference the faster rate of energy transfer.

53
Q

What design factors affect the energy transfer of an object?

A
  • The materials the object is in contact with.
  • The object’s shape.
  • The object’s surface area.
54
Q

How is a desert fox adapted to its habitat?

A

A desert fox has big ears so there is a larger surface area for energy transfer to take place from the blood.

55
Q

What factors affect how a substance increases in temperature.

A
  • The amount of energy supplied to it.
  • The mass of the substance.
  • What the substance is.
56
Q

Define specific heat capacity.

A

The amount of energy needed to heat a substance by 1 Kelvin.

57
Q

What is the unit of specific heat capacity?

A

Joules per kilogram

58
Q

What is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A 
c=E/m*θ 
Whereby: c=specific heat capacity
                E=energy transferred
                m=mass
                θ=temperature change
59
Q

How does a storage heater work?

A

The heater uses electricity to heat bricks at night.
The bricks have a high SHC so they store lots of energy.
Energy transfer from the bricks keeps the room warm.

60
Q

How does the mass of an object affect the speed of temperature increase.

A

The greater the mass, the longer it takes the temperature to increase.

61
Q

Give five examples of reducing the rate of energy transfer at home.

A
  • Loft insulation
  • Cavity wall insulation
  • Aluminium behind radiators
  • Triple-glazed windows
62
Q

Explain how loft insulation reduces the transfer of energy.

A

Fibreglass insulation is a good insulator and air between the fibres stops energy transfer by conduction.

63
Q

Explain how cavity wall insulation works.

A

The insulation that is pumped into the cavity is a better insulator than the air it replaces. It traps air in pockets which reduces convection currents.

64
Q

Explain how aluminium foil reduces the transfer of energy.

A

The foil is shiny which means it reflects the radiation back inside the house.

65
Q

Explain how triple-glazing reduce the transfer of energy.

A

The windows have three glass panes with a vacuum between them preventing convection and conduction. The glass is also a good insulator.

66
Q

What is used to compare insulative materials?

A

U-values

67
Q

What does a u-value represent?

A

Energy per second that passes through when the temperature diff. is 1*C.

68
Q

What is the better U-value?

A

The lower the U-Level, the better insulator a material is.

69
Q

Explain the properties of a solar panel.

A

The panel contains liquid filled copper pipes. Copper is used because it is a good conductor. It has a matt black back plate because black is a good absorber and emitter of heat. The liquid is heated on hot days.

70
Q

How do electrons transfer energy.

A

When they collide with each other and other atoms

72
Q

What is infrared radiation?

A

Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves.

73
Q

Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.

A

http://bit.ly/21T6H3W

Thank you and good luck!

GCSE Physics (17 decks)

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