P1 AND P2 Flashcards by Kyle Jane Regulacion

Study of how the body and its parts work of function.

Physiology

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Forms the external body covering skin and includes hair and fingernails

Integumentary System

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Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints

skeletal system

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protects and supports body organs

skeletal system

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allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture; procedures heat.

muscular system

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includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

urinary system

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Include testes, scrotum, penis for males, and ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus for females.

Reproductive system

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Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.

Digestive System

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Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs.

Lymphatic System

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it is chemical reaction within body such as breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones and building large molecules from smaller ones.

metabolism

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Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions. wastes may be removed in urine, fecet or sweat.

excretion

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Chemicals used for energy and cell building include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals.

Nutrients

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Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk.

Proximal

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Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk.

distal

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Towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

medial

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Away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of.

Lateral

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It divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts.

transverse

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It divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts.

Frontal

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This section divides the body or organ into left and right parts.

sagittal

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THis cavity is superior to the diaphragm. It houses the heart, lungs and other organs.

Thoracic

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This cavity is inferior to the diaphragm, it contains the stomach, liver and other organs.

Abdominopelvic

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Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions. Necessary for normal body functioning and sustain life.

homeostasis

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Includes most homeostatic control mechanism. Works like a household thermostat.

Negative feedback

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This feedback occurs in a faster rate and in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby.

Positive feedback

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Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

Anatomy

What is the smallest unit of matter?

Atom

Which subatomic particle has no electric charge?

neutron

Which of the statements are false?

A neutron has one positive charge

These are formed when atoms shared one or more pairs of electrons

covalent bonds

Which of the following sttatements about ph levels are false?

alkalosis results if blood pH drops below 7.35

Often called the energy currency of cells because is capable of both storing and providing energy.

ATP

These are examples of Disaccharides, except:

fructose

What is considered the building block of proteins?

Amino acids

Which of the following statements about DNA are FALSE?

DNA functions outside the nucleus and carries out of orders

Which of the follwoing statements about cellular energy are FALSE?

When the high energy bonds of ADP are released

These are the sites of protein synthesis in a cell.

ribosomes

This is the site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

This is the largest organelle, sorrounded by the nuclear envelope.

nucleus

These are membranous sacs that contain acid hydrolases, a powerful digestive enzyme.

lysosomes

Which type of passive transport is a selective process in which the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it?

facilitated diffusion

Which type of transport involves help from ATP to move subtances in or out of cells "in bulks" without actually crossing the plasma membrane directly.?

Vesicular Transport

Which of the following statements regarding cell division are FALSE?

Mitosis produces cell that are genetically impulse

Which of the following terms describes cardiac muscle?

Intercalated discs

This term refers to permanent tightening of the skin affecting the underlying tendons or muscles?

Contracture

Which type of cartilage is the most abundant and widespread and usually covers both ends of a joint?

Hyaline Cartilage

Which type of tissue forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin and insulates the body from both heat and cold?

Adipose tissue

Which of the following statements bout muscle tissue is FALSE?

Smooth muscle is so called because striations are visible.

This type of tissue has two major functional characteristics irritability and conductivity.

Nervous tissue

What is the general body response that attempts to prevent further injury?

Pyrexia/ Fever

This term refers to a decrease in the size of a cell that loses its normal stimulation;

Atrophy

. The outer layer of the skin is the

Epidermis

The mechanism of heat loss that depends upon evaporation

Sweating

The protein in epidermal cells that makes the skin relatively waterproof is:

keratin

The tissue that stores fat in subcutaneous tissue is:

adipose tissue

The glands of the skin that are most concerned with the maintenance of body temperature are:

eccrine

In the dermis, the receptors for pain are:

free nerve endings

Vitamin D is formed in the skin when the skin is exposed to:

UV rays

The protein that protects inner living skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet rays is:

Melanin

The layer of skin that, if unbroken, prevents the entry of most pathogens is the:

Stratum corneum

. Many white blood cells, which destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin, are found in the:

areolar connective tissue

A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

Endomysium

Structure that attaches a bone to a muscle

Tendon

A connective tissue that surrounds 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles

Perimysium

An overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

Epimysium

Specialized plasma membrane of muscle cells

Sarcolemma

Center part of the sarcomere that gets smaller when a muscle contracts and appears when the muscle relaxes.

H Zone

. Structure that stores calcium

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Thick filament protein with a head and elongated tail, the heads form cross bridges with the thin filaments during muscle contraction.

Myosin

Light area of Sarcomere

I BAND

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following, EXCEPT:

external root sheath

The dermis is

has two layers

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

arrector pili

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Messiner's corpuscle

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

Meissner's corpuscle

Although the integument is covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include:

resident macrophage-like

The __ gland is modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax.

ceruminous

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epiermis) through the process of ___.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

The reason the hypodermis acts a shock abosorber is that ___

the major part of its make up is adipose

Keratinocytes are an importsnt epidermal cell because they___

produce a fibrous protein

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocyte__.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play om the health, the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Thee integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitute 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

reticular layer

What type of bone is the "patellar"?

sesamoid bone

Multiaxial joints of the body include:

the ankle and wrist

What cell is responsible for secreting the matrix of the bone?

Osteoblast

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal system?

communication cells

Fibrous joints are classified as___.

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Osteogenesis is the process of__.

bone formation

Which bone is commonly known as the "heel bone"?

Calcaneus

The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ___.

sagittal

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells build bone again?

osteoblast

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.

osteoclasts

The lining of the marrow cavity.

endosteum

Layers of bone matrix.

lamellae

Small channels that radiate through the bone.

canaliculi

Cells that can build bony matrix.

osteoblasts

A sarcomere is the distance between two___.

Z disc

The ___ contains only the actin filament.

I band

The thicker filaments are the ___ filaments.

myosin

Both actin and myosin are found in the ___.

A band

The myosin filaments are located in the __.

A band

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

mitochondria

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?

actin filaments

One of the following muscle types,which has only one nucleus, no sarcomere, and rare gap junctions?

smooth muscle

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties, EXCEPT?

Secretion

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

endomysium

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei

Excitation-contraction coupling requires which of the following substances?

Ca2+ and ATP

What muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle?

Antagonist

Muscle that aids another muscle by promoting the same environment.

Synergist

Which of the following is not a member of the hamstring?

Gracilis

Which of the choices below is the major muscle for breathing?

diaphragm

A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling, what is this muscle called

buccinator