P1. Anatomy and physiology

Question 1

What are the different functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Support
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production
Mineral storage

Question 2

What are the different types of bones?

Answer 2

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat

Question 3

What is the purpose of the Long bone, and the short bone?

Answer 3

Long - Larger gross movements, lever
Short - smaller fine movements, weight bearing

Question 4

What is the purpose of a flat bone, and an irregular bone?

Answer 4

Flat - protection of internal organs
Irregular - protection

Question 5

What are the 8 joint movements?

Answer 5

Flexion, extension
Adduction, abduction
Rotation, circumduction
Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion

Question 6

What are the two joint types and what movement is available at that joint?

Answer 6

Ball and socket, Flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction, adduction, abduction
Hinge - Flexion and extension

Question 7

What do ligaments connect?

Answer 7

Bone to bone

Question 8

What do tendons connect?

Answer 8

Muscle to bone

Question 9

What does cartilage do?

Answer 9

Acts as a cushion between the joint

Question 10

What releases synovial fluid?

Answer 10

Synovial membrane

Question 11

What are the to types of muscular contraction? explain each

Answer 11

Isotonic - Muscle changes length when used
Isometric - muscle stays same length when used

Question 12

In isotonic contraction, what is extending and shortening called?

Answer 12

Concentric - shortening
Eccentric - lengthening

Question 13

What is does antagonistic muscle pair mean and an example?

Answer 13

Bicep tricep, paris of muscles that work against each other, whilst one contracts the other relaxes

Question 14

Is the muscle that is being flexed the agonist or antagonist?

Answer 14

Agonist

Question 15

What is the cardiovascular systems job?

Answer 15

To move blood around the body as it contains oxygen and nutrients

Question 16

Explain the cycle of blood coming into the heart and away from the heart

Answer 16

Vena cava - deoxygenated blood back to body
Pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood to heart from lungs
Aorta - oxygenataed blood to body

Question 17

What is diastole and systole?

Answer 17

Diastole - heart relaxes and fills with blood
Systole - contracts and pumps blood out

Question 18

What is the order of breathing in, the air going to your lungs?

Answer 18

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 19

Explain Gaseous exchange?

Answer 19

DIffusion, Carbon dioxide goes from an area of high concentration in the capillaries to the alveoli and oxygen moves from a high concentration in the alveoli to the capillaries

Question 20

What is tidal volume?

Answer 20

The amount of air taken in or out on a normal breath

Question 21

During exercise, does tidal volume increase

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 22

Amount of extra air inspired on a forceful breath in

Question 23

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 23

Amount of extra air expired on a forceful breath out

Question 24

What is the residual volume?

Answer 24

Amount of air left in lungs after a forceful breath out

Question 25

What is the definition of anaerobic exercise?

Answer 25

Short, high intensity exercise without oxygen

Question 26

What is the definition of aerobic exercise?

Answer 26

Steady exercise with oxygen

Question 27

Short term effects of exercise?

Answer 27

DOMS Tiredness / fatigue Nausea Light headedness

Question 28

Long term effects of exercise?

Answer 28

Decreased resting heart rate Change in body shape Increased stamina Muscle gain Cardiatic hypertrophy

Question 29

What is the different between rotation and circumduction?

Answer 29

Rotation - movement around a limbs long axis Circumduction - circular movement around a joint

Question 30

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 30

constriction - muscles in arteries contracting making blood flow reduce dilation - muscles relaxing to allow more blood to flow through

Question 31

What do you call expulsion of air from the lungs?

Answer 31

Exhalation or expiration

Question 32

Explain how EPOC is caused?

Answer 32

Caused by vigorous anaerobic exercise A build up of lactic acid Needing to repay oxygen debt

Question 33

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 33

Amount of oxygen you need for muscles to remove lactic acid and recover

Question 34

How do you repay oxygen debt?

Answer 34

Slow down or stop exercising

Question 35

Sporting examples of adduction and abduction?

Answer 35

ADDuction - inwards phase of a star jump ABDuction - outwards phase of a star jump

Question 36

Definition of abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction?

Answer 36

Abduction - Movement of bone or limb away from bodies mid line Adduction - movement of bone or limb towards bodies mid line Rotation - a limb turns around its long axis Circumduction - movement of a limb in a circular motion

Question 37

During exercise, what happens to the viscosity?

Answer 37

It decreases

Question 38

What does synovial fluid do?

Answer 38

Lubricates the joint

Question 39

What does the bursae do?

Answer 39

Reduces friction between surfaces