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Question 2

Globalisation:

Answer 2

The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross - border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows and more rapid and widespread diffusion in technology’ - IMF

Question 3

The connections shown between places represent different kinds of network flow. These flows are movements of:

Answer 3

Capital:
Commodities:
* Information:
Tourists:
Migrants:

Question 4

Capital:

Answer 4

• At a global scale, major capital (money) flows are routed daily through the world’s stock markets.
• A range of businesses, including investment banks and pension funds, buy and sell money in different currencies to make profits.
• in 2013, the volume of these foreign exchange transactions reached US$5 trillion per day.

Question 5

Commodities

Answer 5

Valuable raw materials such as fossil fuels, food and minerals have always been traded between nations.
Flows of manufactured goods have multiplied in size in recent years, fuelled by low production costs in China and even lower-waged economies, such as Bangladesh and Vietnam.
In 2015, global gross domestic product (GDP) fell just short of US$80 trillion in value.
Of this, around one-third was generated by trade flows in agricultural and industrial commodities.

Question 6

Information

Answer 6

The internet has brought real-time communication between distant places, allowing goods and services to be bought at the click of a button.
Social networks have ballooned in size and influence, with Facebook gaining 1.5 billion users by 2015.
On demand TV has increased data usage further. Information is stored in enormous ‘server farms’ such as the Microsoft Data Centre in Washington State and Facebook’s data centre in Lulea, Sweden (where cold temperatures reduce the cost of cooling the hard drives).

Question 7

Tourists

Answer 7

Many of the world’s air passengers are holiday makers.
Budget airlines have brought a ‘pleasure periphery’ of distant places within easy reach for the moneyed tourists of high-income nations.
Increasingly, people from emerging economies travel abroad too, using budget airlines such as AirAsia and East Africa’s Fastjet.
China is now the world biggest spender on international travel, with 120 million outbound trips made in 2014.

Question 8

Migrants

Answer 8

Of all global flows, the permanent movement of people still faces the greatest number of obstacles due to border controls and immigration laws.
As a result, most governments have a pick and mix attitude towards global flow: they embrace trade flows but attempt to resist migrant flows unless there is a special need (such as Qatar’s encouragement of Indian construction workers).
Despite restrictions, however, record flows of people are recorded every year.
The combined number of economic migrants and refugees worldwide reached almost one-quarter of a billion in 2013.
The same year, around US$500 billion of remittances were sent home by migrants.
The combined effect of these global flows has been to make places interconnected. One result of this is the increased interdependency of places.

Question 9

Transport:

Answer 9

Communication and transport technologies have been improving for thousands of years. Each new breakthrough has helped trade to grow in geographical scale -
Technological progress brings unexpected changes to the ways in which companies can operate

Question 10

Trade:

Answer 10

Capitalist economies are always seeking to increase profits.
One way to achieve this involves conducting research into transport technology to help build new global markets
Economic needs drive some technological changes when companies foster innovation

Question 11

Time-space compression:

Answer 11

Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information.
This perceptual change is called time-space compression.
As travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in ‘space-time’: they begin to feel closer together than in the past.
This is also called the shrinking world effect

Question 12

Important innovations in transport have included:

Answer 12

Steam power
Railways
Jet aircraft

Question 13

Steam power

Answer 13

Britain became the leading world power in the 1800s using steam technology. Steam ships (and trains) moved goods and armies quickly along trade routes into Asia and Africa.

Question 14

Railways

Answer 14

In the 1800s, railway networks expanded globally. By 1904, the 9000 km Trans-Siberian Railway connected Moscow with China and Japan.
Today, railway building remains a priority for governments across the world. The proposed High Speed 2 railway (linking London and northern England) will halve some journey times.

Question 15

Jet aircraft

Answer 15

The arrival of the intercontinental Boeing 747 in the 1960s made international travel more commonplace, while recent expansion of the cheap flights sector, including easyjet, has brought it to the masses in richer nations.

Question 16

Containerisation:

Answer 16

Containerisation was developed by Malcom Mclean and is a method in which goods and products are transported in containers, meaning that they can easily be transferred on and off ships onto trains or lorries.
The transport of goods via ships had previously been slow, due it being time - consuming to load and unload all of the products individually.
Due to the introduction of containerisation, it meant that it increased the speed at which the ships could be loaded and unloaded.
It also reduced the cost of storage, as businesses used the containers as storage spaces, meaning that they did not need to spend money on warehouses.

Question 17

Important elements of the growth of ICT over time:

Answer 17

Telephone and the telegraph
Broadband and fibre optics
GIS and GPS
The internet, social networks and Skype

Question 18

Telephone and the telegraph:

Answer 18

The first telegraph cables across the Atlantic in the 1860s replaced a three-week boat journey with instantaneous communication.
This revolutionised how business was conducted.
The telephone, telegraph’s successor, remains a core technology for communicating across distance.
In parts of Africa, where telephone lines have never been laid in many places, people are technologically ‘leap-frogging straight to mobile phone use.

Question 19

Broadband and fibre optics:

Answer 19

With the advent of broadband internet in the 1980s and 1990s, large amounts of data could be moved quickly through cyberspace.
Today, enormous flows of data are conveyed across the ocean floor, by fibre optic cables owned by national governments or TNCs such as Google (Figure 12.10).
More than 1 million kilometres of flexible undersea cables, about the size of garden watering hoses, carry all the world’s emails, searches and tweets.

Question 20

GIS and GPS:

Answer 20

The first global positioning system (GPS) satellite was launched in the 1970s.
There are now 24 situated 10,000 km above the Earth.
These satellites continuously broadcast position and time data to users throughout the world.
Deliveries can be tracked by companies using vehicle-tracking systems, helping the growth of global production networks to be managed.

Question 21

The internet, social networks and Skype:

Answer 21

The internet began life as part of a scheme funded by the US Defence Department during the Cold War.
The early computer network ARPANET was designed during the 1960s as a way of linking important research computers in just a handful of different locations.
Since then, connectivity between people and places has grown exponentially.
By 2014, 5 billion Facebook likes’ were being registered globally every day.

Question 22

Technology is used by different players in a vast array of ways which contribute to globalisation. Some of these include:

Economic globalisation:

Answer 22

ICT allows managers of distant offices and plants to keep in touch more easily (for example, through video conferencing). This has helped TNCs to expand into new territories, either to make or sell their products. Each time the barcode of a Marks and Spencer food purchase is scanned in a UK store, an automatic adjustment is made to the size of the next order placed with suppliers in distant countries like Kenya.

Question 23

Social globalisation:

Answer 23

The maintaining of long-distance social relationships through ICT use is a factor that supports migration. Since 2003, Skype has provided a cheap and powerful way for migrants to maintain a strong link with family they have left behind.

Question 24

Cultural globalisation:

Answer 24

Cultural traits, such as language or music, are adopted, imitated and hybridised faster than ever before. During 2012, South Korean singer Psy clocked up over 1.8 billion online views of ‘Gangnam Style’, the most-watched music video of all time (Figure 12.11).

Question 25

Political globalisation:

Answer 25

Social networks are used to raise awareness about political issues and to fight for change on a global scale. Environmental charities like Greenpeace spread their message online, while the militant group Daesh (or ‘Isis’) has used social media to spread its message of terror globally, and to gain new recruits.

Question 26

The mobile phone revolution and electronic banking in developing countries:

Answer 26

In countries where the lack of communications infrastructure has traditionally been a big obstacle to economic growth, mobile phones are now changing lives for the better by connecting people and places.
The scale and pace of change is extraordinary. In 2005, six per cent of Africans owned a mobile phone.
By 2015 this had risen more than ten-fold to 70 per cent due to falling prices and the growth of provider companies, such as Kenya’s Safaricom.
Rising uptake in Asia (in India, over 1 billion people are mobile subscribers) means there are now more mobile phones than people on the planet