P & T In Family Diversity Flashcards
What do black Caribbean and black African people have a higher proportion of?
Lone parent families
In majority, who is normally the head lone parent in black families? Why?
The female
The high rate of female headed lone parent black families has sometimes been seen as evidence of family disorganisation that can be traced back to slavery or more recently to high rates of unemployment among black males
It is argued that male unemployment and poverty have meant that black men are less able to provide for their family, resulting in higher rates of desertion or marital breakdown
How could slavery have an impact on black lone parent families?
Couples were sold separately abs children stayed with the mother
It is argued that this established a pattern of family life that persists today
Which 2 key sociologists are used when talking about black families?
Mirza
Reynolds
What does mirza argue in relation to black families?
Argues that the higher rate of lone parent families among blacks is not the result of disorganisation but rather reflects the high value that black women place on independence
What did Reynolds argue in relation to black families?
Argues that the statistics are misleading in that many apparently “lone” parents are in stable, supportive but non cohabiting relationships
What do Asian households tend to be?
Larger than other ethnic groups
Such households are sometimes multi generational, including 3 generations often organised through a network of males and bound together by ideas of brotherhood and loyalty, but most are nuclear rather than extended families
Larger households are partly a result of the younger age profile of British Asians since a higher proportion are in the childbearing age groups compared with the population as a whole
To some extent reflect the value placed on the extended family in Asian cultures - cultural ideas of having more children
Which key sociologist is used in relation to Asian families in family diversity?
Ballard
What did Ballard find?
Found extended families provided an important source of support among Asian migrants during early migration
In the early period of migration houses were often shared by extended families whilst today most are nuclear, relatives often live nearby affecting the importance of kinship networks
He found that whilst many marriages are largely arranged and are seen as a contract between two families children today increasingly expect to have some say in their marriage partners and couples today expect more independence from their kin
What does data collected in the Policy Studies Institutes Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities find in relation to Asian families?
Found that divorce, single parents and smaller families were now found within the British Asian Community
They were more likely than other ethnic groups to marry and marry earlier than their white peers and cohabitation, separation and divorce were relatively rare
There was also evidence that many couples including those with children still continue to live in the same house as the males parents
What are the 2 key sociologists in relation to types of diversity?
Rapoport
Eversley and Bonnerjea
What is Rapoports view of diversity?
See diversity as central today
They claim it is the norm and serves people’s needs, rather than causing family decline
They identify 5 types of diversity: - cultural diversity - life stage diversity - organisational diversity - generational diversity - social class diversity CLOGS
What is cultural diversity?
Caused by migration
Ethnic groups have different family structures
Eg/ more children, larger families, multi generational families etc
What is life stage diversity?
Through an individuals life course they are likely to experience a variety of different structures
Eg/ childless couple, parents with young children, retired couples, widows etc
What is organisational diversity?
Different ways of organising the household
Eg/ single or dual earners and/or joint or segregated conjugal roles etc
What is generational diversity?
Depending on the era in which an individual is raised they may have different views (views can change) towards different household structures : attitudes to cohabitation, divorce, SPFs, same sex relationships etc
What is social class diversity?
The income (could change and have a different effect in the future) of a family can influence its structure
Eg/ middle class women pursuing careers may choose to have children later, class differences in childrearing practices etc
What is Eversley and Bonnerjea’s view on types of diversity?
Highlight how family types may also be linked to geographical location and local influences
They identify six different types of area which are connected to different types of family organisation:
- affluent south
- geriatric wards
- older industrial areas
- recently declined industrial areas
- rural areas
- inner cities
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about the affluent south in relation to diversity?
More likely to have mobile two-parent nuclear families
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about the geriatric wards in relation to diversity?
Coastal areas which attract retired and elderly couples who may live some distance from relatives
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about older industrial areas in relation to diversity?
More likely to have traditional family structures and relationships and older populations
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about the recently declined industrial areas in relation to diversity?
Young families often have moved there abs have little support from extended kin
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about rural areas in relation to diversity?
Families who work in agriculture and related areas of the economy and tend to be extended and traditional
However many of these areas have been taken over by commuters
What do Eversely and Bonnerjea say about inner cities in relation to diversity?
Often experience high levels of social deprivation and a large turnover of inhabitants, many single person households and a higher proportion of migrants
There are also many single parent families and people are more likely to be isolated from kin
Despite increased family diversity abs plurality, what do many sociologists argue?
There is a strong and powerful ideology which represents the nuclear family as the idealised norm and the typical family type
Politicians, media and advertising promote this view of the family which LEACH referred to as the “cereal packet image” of the family