P/S Practice Test Review

Question 1

neobehaviorist

Answer 1

• believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments

Question 2

social networks

Answer 2

involve an individual and any of the various other individuals, groups, or organizations that they interact with

• influence the behavior of the individual

Question 3

when is object permanence acquired?

Answer 3

by the end of the sensorimotor stage (around 2 years old)

Question 4

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 4

• sensorimotor stage: birth - 2yrs
  
  • sensori- children use senses to make sense of world
  • object permanence - peek a boo
• preoperational stage: 2-7 years
  
  • mental operations
  • pretend play, using symbols to represent things
  • egocentrism
• concrete operational stage 7-11 years
  
  • concrete mental operations
  • idea of conservation- water glass experiment. @ ~7yrs old, children can recognize they have the same amount of water
• formal operational stage: 12+ years
  
  • reasoning about abstract conepts and thinking about consequences
  • moral reasoning

Question 5

Hippocampus

Answer 5

memory

• involved in object permanence since it’s a measure of working memory

Question 6

thalamus

Answer 6

relays sensory informtion and motor signals to and from the cortex and regulated sleep and consciousness

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

involved in metabolic processes and hormone release

Question 8

assimilation

accomidation

Answer 8

• • how we interpret new expericences in terms of our current understanding (aSSilimation = Same Schema)
    
    • ex: child is only familiar with huskies but sees a golden retreiver- recognizes it as a dog
• • how we later adjust our schemas to better imcorporate new experiences
    
    • ex: child thinking a racoon may be a dog but then having to understand it’s something new
• thought of schemas as cubbyholes where you store experiences

Question 9

well-defined problems

vs

ill-defined problems

Answer 9

• well-defined
  
  • clear starting and ending point
  • ex: how to turn on a light
• ill defined
  
  • more ambiguous
  • ex: how to have a happy life

Question 10

methods of problem solving

1. trial and error
2. algorithm
3. heuristics

Answer 10

1. trial and error
   
   1. not very efficient
2. algorithm
   
   1. methodology leads to right solution
3. Heuristic: mental shortcut allowing you to come up with a solution more quickly
   
   1. simplify complex problems

Question 11

heuristics

Answer 11

• “mental shortcuts” allowing us to simplify complex problems
  
  • means-end analysis: analyze the main problem and break it into smaller problems
  • working backwards: start with goal state and conect it back to your current state

Question 12

fixation

Answer 12

getting stuck on the wrong approach to a problem

Question 13

harlow’s monkeys experiments

Answer 13

• examining attachment
  
  • mom feeds her child which results from attachment? or is it the comfort?
• separated monkeys from their mothers and allowing them to choose between “alternative mothers”
  
  • wire mother with feeding tube in the middle- provides food
  • cloth mother- had soft cloth blanket around it- provides comfort
• baby monkeys preferred the cloth mother far more than food

Question 14

learned helplessness

Answer 14

when repeated failure discourages further effort even when circumstances change

Question 15

social loafing

Answer 15

when we are members of a group, we work below our individual potential

Question 16

social learning

Answer 16

we learn new behaviors through imitation

Question 17

self-serving bias

Answer 17

attributes success to internal factors and failure to external factors

Question 18

where are stereotypes the weakest? strongest?

Answer 18

weakest when individuals or groups are familiar with each other

strongest when individuals or groups are unfamiliar with each other or when they belong to different groups

Question 19

generativity vs stagnation

Erikson

Answer 19

generativity = activities that are productive or transcend one’s sense of self and values

Question 20

spreading activation

Answer 20

when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it

Question 21

autonomic vs somatic nervous systems

Answer 21

autonomic: automatic
somatic: voluntary

Question 22

what types of receptors are the hair cells of the cochlea

Answer 22

specialized mechanoreceptors

Question 23

action-observer bias

Answer 23

actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (ie: not feeling well) and observers attribute the actor’s behavior to dispositional factors (ie: social awkwardness)

Question 24

1. habituation
2. dishabituation

Answer 24

1. reduced responding to a repeating stimulus
2. changing the stimulus to increase response

Question 25

optimal arousal theory

Answer 25

optimal performance requires optimal arousal and if arousal levels are too high or too low that will impede performance.

ex: poor performance is a consequence from negative stereotype activation

Question 26

physiological indications of increased sympathetic (fight or flight) arousal

Answer 26

• increased electrical conductivity of the skin
• increased HR and BP

Question 27

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

Answer 27

• people’s response to various stressors is similar
  
  • stress responses are not specific to the type of stressor

Question 28

cerebellum

Answer 28

involved in execution of coordinated motor tasks

Question 29

obedience vs social facilitation vs social loafing

Answer 29

obedience is related to compliance

social facilitation refers to the finding that people sometimes show an increased level of effort as a result of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

• when the presence of other people influences a dominant response (ex: giving a speech- the presence of others will increase your performance if you’ve practiced it often. if you have hardly prepared, it will decrease your performance)

social loafing- when people don’t work as hard on a group task as they would doing it alone

Question 30

median

Answer 30

median- splits the sample distibution values in half

(ie: median of 25 means that half the sample has a value over 25 and the other half has a value under 25)

Question 31

social network analysis

Answer 31

used in epidemiological studies (contract tracing for COVID) where relationships among a set of individuals were mapped

Question 32

gentrification

Answer 32

reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas which results from the influx of more affluent groups. When they arive, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease in affordable housing options for lower income residents (forcing them to move elsewhere).

increases neighborhood stratification

expands tax base for local government

Question 33

assimilation

Answer 33

• process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility
• occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture
• occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood
• does NOT relate to the influence that cultural changes have on an individual’s health- this is just a possible consequence

Question 34

linguistic relativity

Answer 34

the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers

Question 35

nativist hypothesis

Answer 35

language is an innate fundamental part of the human genetic makeup. language acquisition occurs as a natural part of the human experience

Question 36

Weber’s theory

Answer 36

deals with the “just noticeable difference” JND

• the lowest stimulus required to notice a difference from an original stimuli
  ex: you can’t differentiate between a 2lb weight and a 2.25 weight but you can differentiate if the second weight is 2.5 lbs

Weber said that the ratio of the incriment threshold to the background intensity is relatively constant (K) differs from person to person