P/S Practice Test Review Flashcards
neobehaviorist
- believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments
social networks
involve an individual and any of the various other individuals, groups, or organizations that they interact with
- influence the behavior of the individual
when is object permanence acquired?
by the end of the sensorimotor stage (around 2 years old)
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor stage: birth - 2yrs
- sensori- children use senses to make sense of world
- object permanence - peek a boo
- preoperational stage: 2-7 years
- mental operations
- pretend play, using symbols to represent things
- egocentrism
- concrete operational stage 7-11 years
- concrete mental operations
- idea of conservation- water glass experiment. @ ~7yrs old, children can recognize they have the same amount of water
- formal operational stage: 12+ years
- reasoning about abstract conepts and thinking about consequences
- moral reasoning
Hippocampus
memory
- involved in object permanence since it’s a measure of working memory
thalamus
relays sensory informtion and motor signals to and from the cortex and regulated sleep and consciousness
hypothalamus
involved in metabolic processes and hormone release
assimilation
accomidation
- how we interpret new expericences in terms of our current understanding (aSSilimation = Same Schema)
- ex: child is only familiar with huskies but sees a golden retreiver- recognizes it as a dog
- how we interpret new expericences in terms of our current understanding (aSSilimation = Same Schema)
- how we later adjust our schemas to better imcorporate new experiences
- ex: child thinking a racoon may be a dog but then having to understand it’s something new
- how we later adjust our schemas to better imcorporate new experiences
- thought of schemas as cubbyholes where you store experiences
well-defined problems
vs
ill-defined problems
- well-defined
- clear starting and ending point
- ex: how to turn on a light
- ill defined
- more ambiguous
- ex: how to have a happy life
methods of problem solving
- trial and error
- algorithm
- heuristics
- trial and error
- not very efficient
- algorithm
- methodology leads to right solution
- Heuristic: mental shortcut allowing you to come up with a solution more quickly
- simplify complex problems
heuristics
- “mental shortcuts” allowing us to simplify complex problems
- means-end analysis: analyze the main problem and break it into smaller problems
- working backwards: start with goal state and conect it back to your current state
fixation
getting stuck on the wrong approach to a problem
harlow’s monkeys experiments
- examining attachment
- mom feeds her child which results from attachment? or is it the comfort?
- separated monkeys from their mothers and allowing them to choose between “alternative mothers”
- wire mother with feeding tube in the middle- provides food
- cloth mother- had soft cloth blanket around it- provides comfort
- baby monkeys preferred the cloth mother far more than food
learned helplessness
when repeated failure discourages further effort even when circumstances change
social loafing
when we are members of a group, we work below our individual potential
social learning
we learn new behaviors through imitation
self-serving bias
attributes success to internal factors and failure to external factors
where are stereotypes the weakest? strongest?
weakest when individuals or groups are familiar with each other
strongest when individuals or groups are unfamiliar with each other or when they belong to different groups
generativity vs stagnation
Erikson
generativity = activities that are productive or transcend one’s sense of self and values
spreading activation
when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it
autonomic vs somatic nervous systems
autonomic: automatic
somatic: voluntary
what types of receptors are the hair cells of the cochlea
specialized mechanoreceptors
action-observer bias
actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (ie: not feeling well) and observers attribute the actor’s behavior to dispositional factors (ie: social awkwardness)
- habituation
- dishabituation
- reduced responding to a repeating stimulus
- changing the stimulus to increase response
optimal arousal theory
optimal performance requires optimal arousal and if arousal levels are too high or too low that will impede performance.
ex: poor performance is a consequence from negative stereotype activation
physiological indications of increased sympathetic (fight or flight) arousal
- increased electrical conductivity of the skin
- increased HR and BP
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
- people’s response to various stressors is similar
- stress responses are not specific to the type of stressor
cerebellum
involved in execution of coordinated motor tasks
obedience vs social facilitation vs social loafing
obedience is related to compliance
social facilitation refers to the finding that people sometimes show an increased level of effort as a result of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
- when the presence of other people influences a dominant response (ex: giving a speech- the presence of others will increase your performance if you’ve practiced it often. if you have hardly prepared, it will decrease your performance)
social loafing- when people don’t work as hard on a group task as they would doing it alone
median
median- splits the sample distibution values in half
(ie: median of 25 means that half the sample has a value over 25 and the other half has a value under 25)
social network analysis
used in epidemiological studies (contract tracing for COVID) where relationships among a set of individuals were mapped
gentrification
reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas which results from the influx of more affluent groups. When they arive, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease in affordable housing options for lower income residents (forcing them to move elsewhere).
increases neighborhood stratification
expands tax base for local government
assimilation
- process of cultural adaptation that results from geographic mobility
- occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant culture
- occurs when individuals relinquish the cultural norms of their childhood
- does NOT relate to the influence that cultural changes have on an individual’s health- this is just a possible consequence
linguistic relativity
the structure of language affects the perceptions of its speakers
nativist hypothesis
language is an innate fundamental part of the human genetic makeup. language acquisition occurs as a natural part of the human experience
Weber’s theory
deals with the “just noticeable difference” JND
- the lowest stimulus required to notice a difference from an original stimuli
ex: you can’t differentiate between a 2lb weight and a 2.25 weight but you can differentiate if the second weight is 2.5 lbs
Weber said that the ratio of the incriment threshold to the background intensity is relatively constant (K) differs from person to person
