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FM1020 > P: Red blood cells > Flashcards

P: Red blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Types of red blood cells:

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leucocytes)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
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2
Q

Haematocrit:

A

fractional contribution of erythrocytes to blood.

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3
Q

Plasma components:

A
  • Water: 90%
  • Proteins: 8%, mostly synthesised by liver
  • Albumin: 60% of proteins, transport
  • Globulin: 36% of proteins, immune response
  • Fibrinogen: forms blood clots
  • Nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid)
  • Organic nutrients: glucose, amino acids, glycerol etc…
  • Electrolytes (ions)
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4
Q

Serum

A

plasma sample without fibrinogen + other clotting proteins .

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5
Q

Where are blood cells produced

A

Blood cells are made in pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

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6
Q

What do PHSCs divide into?

A
  • Some remain as PHSCs
  • Most differentiate into intermediate committed stem cells or progenitor cells
  • Each progenitor cell differentiates into specific cell type
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7
Q

Red, white and platelet formation names?

A

Red cell formation = erythropoiesis
White cell formation = leucopoiesis
Platelet formation = thrombopoiesis

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8
Q

Name for protein signaling molecules

A

Cytokines

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9
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

most abundant cell type in the body 5x 10^12 cells/L blood
Function: transport O2 and CO2 in blood
Very flexible, squeezes through capillaries, contains haemoglobin.

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis process + requirements

A
  • Proerythroblasts are formed from CFU-E stem cells
  • Reticulocytes pass into capillaries from bone marrow and differentiate into erythrocytes
  • High rate of DNA synthesis requires vitamin B12 and folic acid
  • RBCs lack nuclei, mitochondria + ribosomes
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11
Q

Erythropoietin - what secretes it? What does produce? Function under normal oxygen conditions?

A

If there is low oxygen in tissues (hypoxia) hypoxic kidney cells secrete erythropoietin (EPO) which promotes RBC production in bone marrow.
- Basal production under normal oxygen conditions
- Haemostatic regulation
- Increases production of proerythroblasts, haemoglobin synthesis + production and release of reticulocytes.

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12
Q

RBC destruction
How are components recycled?

A

RBC lifespan = 120 days.
Rely on glycolysis for ATP
Decrease of glycolysis –> reduced ATP –> reduced membrane flexibility so RBCs cannot squeeze through capillaries. They self destruct red pulp of spleen.

Haemoglobin absorbed by macrophages: iron recycled to bone marrow/ liver, porphyrin ring converted to bile pigment bilirubin, protein subunits degraded to amino acids.

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13
Q

Anaemia

A

deficiency on oxygen carrying capacity of blood caused by
- Low haematocrit (low RBC abundance)
- Haematocrit is normal but low haemoglobin in RBCs

Anaemia results in hypoxia - insufficient oxygen to perform metabolic functions in the tissues.

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14
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia causes

A
  • Blood loss
  • Increased blood demands (growth, pregnancy…)
  • Malabsorption
  • Poor diet
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15
Q

Polycythaemia

A

abnormal increase in RBC count - 6-7 x 10^12 cells/L

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16
Q

Polycythaemia vera

A

Genetic aberration resulting in excessive proliferation of erythroblasts. Causes excess production of white blood cells + platelets. Haematocrit = 60-70%.

17
Q

Secondary polycythaemia

A

Increased RBC caused by hypoxia.

18
Q

Blood group antigens

A

A antigen: alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine added to D-galactose end of H antigen.
B antigen: D-galactose added to D-galactose end of H antigen
O antigen: no change to H antigen.

19
Q

Blood group antibodies

A

Type A blood: anti-B antibodies
Type B blood: anti-A antibodies
Type O blood: anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Type AB blood: no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

20
Q

Mismatching of blood:

A

anti-A/ anti-B plasma mixed with A or B antigens cause antibodies to agglutinate, which plugs small blood vessels and white blood cells destroy membrane of agglutinated cells, releasing haemoglobin into plasma (haemolysis).

21
Q

Rh antigens

A

transmembrane proteins:
- C, D, E, c, d, e
- Type D is most prevalent + most antigenic
- Rh positive blood ( DD, Dd) 85-100%
Rh negative blood (dd) 0-15%

22
Q

Infusion of Rh+ve donor blood to Rh-ve recipient

A
  • Recipient blood develops anti-D antibodies
  • Triggers agglutination.
23
Q

Scenario if mother is Rh-ve and father is Rh+ve –> foetus inherits Rh+ve paternal antigen:

A
  • Mother develops anti-Rh antibodies from exposure to foetus’ Rh antigen
  • Diffuse through placenta into foetus and cause red blood cell agglutnation (haemolysis + excess bilirubin)
  • Conditions affects 2nd and subsequent foetuses
  • Jaundiced infant is usually anaemic at birth
24
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O blood

25
Q

Universal recipient

A

Type AB+

FM1020 (21 decks)

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