P&R Test Study Guide Flashcards
What is population and what advances helped that
8.1 billion, medical and sanitary advances helped increase earth’s carrying capacity
Renewable resources
Resources that cannot be used up or can replenish themselves more quickly than they are being used are called renewable
Nonrenewable Resources
resources that are used much faster than they can replenish themselves are nonrenewable.
If things still die all the time, why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable?
Renewable resources include sun and wind, while trees and fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable since they are being used up faster than they are made.
what is ecological footprint
The area of land needed to provide a person with the food and water, shelter, and waste management he or she uses is that person’s ecological footprint.
Describe the data that has been obtained from ice cores. How far back does the record go in time? What trends have been observed over the last 800,000 years? Over the last 8 years?
scientists can analyze the bubbles from ice cores to determine how CO2 levels have changed over time. The data from ice cores show that for the last 800,000 years, until about 1900, CO2 levels were relatively stable, fluctuating between about 150 and 280 ppm. In the early 1900s, CO2 started to increase at an unprecedented rate.
Why is the greenhouse effect both beneficial and harmful?
The greenhouse effect maintains temperatures on Earth that make life possible by absorbing and reflecting energy from the Sun.
How is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?
It is detrimental if we have too many greenhouse gasses increasing the greenhouse effect, because then the Earth may warm up too much to support life as we know it – global warming.
what molecules are major greenhouse gasses?
Greenhouse gasses include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O).
Smog
Smog forms when sunlight interacts with emissions from the burning of (combustion) fossil fuels. It can be made up of particulate matter and ground-level ozone. (Ground-level ozone is harmful… ozone in the upper atmosphere is helpful at protecting the Earth.)
Particulates
Particulates are made up of microscopic particles of dust, metal, and unburned fuel.
Acid Rain
The low pH of acid rain can affect ecosystems by slowing the growth of plants and damaging fish habitat.
Compare and contrast chemosynthesis with photosynthesis.
Both processes make energy-storing carbon-based molecules, but chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy the way that photosynthesis does.
How did Joseph Priestley’s work inform what we know about photosynthesis and respiration?
animals are dependent on plants to provide the oxygen they need. They do this through photosynthesis. The respiration of the mouse adds carbon dioxide to the plant, but the plant also adds CO2 to the air as well since all living things perform cellular respiration.
A.D.B.C
A. High energy ATP
D. Phosphate removed; energy released
B. Lower energy ADP
C. Energy added from breakdown of C-based molecules; phosphate added.(Back into A)
LEAF TISSUE CHART
LEAF TISSUE CHART
What structures do plants have that aid in the process of photosynthesis?
The stomata on the underside of leaves allow for the gas exchange required for photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide from the and releasing the oxygen by-product.
If photosynthesis requires water, how does that get up to the leaves from the ground?
Xylem transports water from the soil up to the leaves through transpiration. Xylem is the vascular tissue composed of dead cells. Heartwood and sapwood in trees are made of xylem.
If photosynthesis requires sunlight, how is that captured by the plant?
Plants have leaves with a large surface area to volume ratio. Just below the upper surface, the leaves have a layer of cells called palisade mesophyll cells that contain many chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have stacks of thylakoids (membranous sacks) that have photosystems in them. The photosystems contain the pigment chlorophyll that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light (and reflects green light).
If the products of photosynthesis are required by other cells in the plant beside the leaves, how do they get around?)
The glucose made in photosynthesis travels to the rest of the plant through the phloem, the vascular tissue that is still living (but has its nuclei in companion cells). Phloem also composes the bark of trees.
Thykaloid Membrane
contains all of the molecules and proteins that function in these light dependent reactions
Photosystems with Chlorophyll
absorb the light energy and delocalize the excited electrons so that they can travel along the ETC; Water splits, providing the electrons for the ETC (a by-product is oxygen, which we benefit from) (Light Dependent)
Electron Transport Chain
pass electrons along the membrane to create an electrochemical gradient (Light Dependent)
ATP Synthase
produces ATP that will carry energy to the light-independent reactions
