P&R Test Study Guide

Question 1

What is population and what advances helped that

Answer 1

8.1 billion, medical and sanitary advances helped increase earth’s carrying capacity

Question 2

Renewable resources

Answer 2

Resources that cannot be used up or can replenish themselves more quickly than they are being used are called renewable

Question 3

Nonrenewable Resources

Answer 3

resources that are used much faster than they can replenish themselves are nonrenewable.

Question 4

If things still die all the time, why are fossil fuels considered nonrenewable?

Answer 4

Renewable resources include sun and wind, while trees and fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable since they are being used up faster than they are made.

Question 5

what is ecological footprint

Answer 5

The area of land needed to provide a person with the food and water, shelter, and waste management he or she uses is that person’s ecological footprint.

Question 6

Describe the data that has been obtained from ice cores. How far back does the record go in time? What trends have been observed over the last 800,000 years? Over the last 8 years?

Answer 6

scientists can analyze the bubbles from ice cores to determine how CO2 levels have changed over time. The data from ice cores show that for the last 800,000 years, until about 1900, CO2 levels were relatively stable, fluctuating between about 150 and 280 ppm. In the early 1900s, CO2 started to increase at an unprecedented rate.

Question 7

Why is the greenhouse effect both beneficial and harmful?

Answer 7

The greenhouse effect maintains temperatures on Earth that make life possible by absorbing and reflecting energy from the Sun.

Question 8

How is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

Answer 8

It is detrimental if we have too many greenhouse gasses increasing the greenhouse effect, because then the Earth may warm up too much to support life as we know it – global warming.

Question 9

what molecules are major greenhouse gasses?

Answer 9

Greenhouse gasses include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O).

Question 10

Smog

Answer 10

Smog forms when sunlight interacts with emissions from the burning of (combustion) fossil fuels. It can be made up of particulate matter and ground-level ozone. (Ground-level ozone is harmful… ozone in the upper atmosphere is helpful at protecting the Earth.)

Question 11

Particulates

Answer 11

Particulates are made up of microscopic particles of dust, metal, and unburned fuel.

Question 12

Acid Rain

Answer 12

The low pH of acid rain can affect ecosystems by slowing the growth of plants and damaging fish habitat.

Question 13

Compare and contrast chemosynthesis with photosynthesis.

Answer 13

Both processes make energy-storing carbon-based molecules, but chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy the way that photosynthesis does.

Question 14

How did Joseph Priestley’s work inform what we know about photosynthesis and respiration?

Answer 14

animals are dependent on plants to provide the oxygen they need. They do this through photosynthesis. The respiration of the mouse adds carbon dioxide to the plant, but the plant also adds CO2 to the air as well since all living things perform cellular respiration.

Question 15

A.D.B.C

Answer 15

A. High energy ATP
D. Phosphate removed; energy released
B. Lower energy ADP
C. Energy added from breakdown of C-based molecules; phosphate added.(Back into A)

Question 16

LEAF TISSUE CHART

Answer 16

LEAF TISSUE CHART

Question 17

What structures do plants have that aid in the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 17

The stomata on the underside of leaves allow for the gas exchange required for photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide from the and releasing the oxygen by-product.

Question 18

If photosynthesis requires water, how does that get up to the leaves from the ground?

Answer 18

Xylem transports water from the soil up to the leaves through transpiration. Xylem is the vascular tissue composed of dead cells. Heartwood and sapwood in trees are made of xylem.

Question 19

If photosynthesis requires sunlight, how is that captured by the plant?

Answer 19

Plants have leaves with a large surface area to volume ratio. Just below the upper surface, the leaves have a layer of cells called palisade mesophyll cells that contain many chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have stacks of thylakoids (membranous sacks) that have photosystems in them. The photosystems contain the pigment chlorophyll that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light (and reflects green light).

Question 20

If the products of photosynthesis are required by other cells in the plant beside the leaves, how do they get around?)

Answer 20

The glucose made in photosynthesis travels to the rest of the plant through the phloem, the vascular tissue that is still living (but has its nuclei in companion cells). Phloem also composes the bark of trees.

Question 21

Thykaloid Membrane

Answer 21

contains all of the molecules and proteins that function in these light dependent reactions

Question 22

Photosystems with Chlorophyll

Answer 22

absorb the light energy and delocalize the excited electrons so that they can travel along the ETC; Water splits, providing the electrons for the ETC (a by-product is oxygen, which we benefit from) (Light Dependent)

Question 23

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 23

pass electrons along the membrane to create an electrochemical gradient (Light Dependent)

Question 24

ATP Synthase

Answer 24

produces ATP that will carry energy to the light-independent reactions

Question 25

NADP+ – NADPH

Answer 25

carry energy to the light-independent reactions

Question 26

Stroma

Answer 26

this space surrounding the granum stacks in the chloroplasts; location of the Calvin Cycle (the light-independent reactions)

Question 27

Rubisco

Answer 27

the enzyme that catalyzes the carbon fixation portion of the cycle. RuBP is a 5-carbon molecule that becomes an unstable 6-carbon compound with combined with carbon dioxide. This unstable compound splits into two molecules of 3PGA. RuBP is regenerated during the third stage of the Calvin cycle with help from ATP’s energy.

Question 28

NADPH and ATP

Answer 28

deliver energy that converts 3PGA into 3GP.
(CALVIN CYCLE)

Question 29

G3P

Answer 29

gains elections during the reduction step. It takes two G3P molecules to make one glucose molecule (CALVIN CYCLE)

Question 30

CHLOROPLAST LABEL

Answer 30

CHLOROPLAST LABEL

Question 31

Photosynthesis Equation

Answer 31

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 +6O2

Question 32

Cellular Respiration Equation

Answer 32

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6Co2 + 6H2O + Energy

Question 33

Why do people think cellular respiration and photosynthesis are exact opposites?

Answer 33

The reactants are the products and vice versa of each some people do not seem to realize that there are differences between the processes in chemical pathways, location in the plant, and when they occur (e.g. Some people believe that photosynthesis occurs in the presence of light and respiration in the dark but respiration actually occurs all day and night. Carbon dioxide is the major contributor to plant mass as glucose acts as both a source of building blocks for cell growth AND energy storage.

Question 34

what is glycolysis?

Answer 34

Glycolysis is basically the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Question 35

what are the structures and functions of glycolysis

Answer 35

It is the first step of both aerobic (Kreb’s Cycle) and anaerobic (fermentation) respiration. It occurs in the cytosol of the cell instead of in an organelle.

Question 36

What is oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) in mitochondria

Answer 36

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner-membrane of mitochondria (called the electron transport chain and ATP synthase) to create ATP.

Question 37

What are the structures and functions and steps of the Krebs cycle

Answer 37

• The Kreb’s Cycle is composed of many redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions and occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
• NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that take electrons to the electron transport chain.

-While not exactly part of the Kreb’s Cycle, the ETC is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and uses the electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase to produce the bulk of the ATP required by the organism.

Question 38

What do organisms do if they don’t have access to oxygen in order to get energy?

Answer 38

If there isn’t enough oxygen, organisms can do fermentation which is an anaerobic (without oxygen) reaction. Lactic acid fermentation happens in our muscles if we don’t have enough oxygen during strenuous exercise. In this reaction, glucose is broken down and lactic acid is made. Yeast performs ethanol fermentation where glucose is also used to make ethanol and carbon dioxide.