P&P 1-5 Flashcards
The 4 main components of the speech mechanism
- airstream process
- phonation process
- oro-nasal process
- articulatory process
How can speech sounds differ from each other?
- pitch
- loudness
- quality
Define: labial, coronal, dosrsal
Speech gestures using:
1. lips
2. tip or blade
3. back of the tongue
Suprasegmentals
Features super-imposed on syllables e.g.
1. stress,
2. Frequency, pitch, tone
3. Intonation
active vs passive articulators
Active: the lower surface of the vocal tract (actually move)
Passive: upper surface of the VT (do not move)
bilabial gestures
p, b, m
labiodental
f, v
dental
θ/, /ð/
alveolar
t, d, s, z, ɹ
retroflex
ɳ ʈ ɖ ʂ ʐ ɻ ɽ - curly indicates retroflex
palato-alveolar
ʃ, ʒ
palatal
j
velar
k, g, x,
glottal
h, ?
w
Two places o articulation: velar (primary) and bilabial (secondary - rounding of the lips)
Phonology
descriptions of systems and patterns of sounds that occur - distributions of sounds in words (phonemic inventory, distribution, alternation)
Acoustic vs Auditory
The structure of sounds e.g. frequency analysis VS How sounds are perceived
Phonemic
a sound used to differentiate words (aka distinctive, contrastive)
Heed vowel
i
Hid vowel
I
Hayed vowel
eI
Head vowel
ɛ
Had vowel
æ
Hard vowel
ɑ (= to ɒ in AmE)
Hod vowel
ɒ (not in AmE)
Hawed vowel
ɔ
Hood vowel
ʊ
Hoed vowel
oʊ (AmE) or əʊ (BrE)
Who’d vowel
u
Herd vowel
ɚ (AmE) or ɜ (BrE)
Hide vowel
aI
How vowel
aʊ
Hoy vowel
ɔI
Here vowel
Iɹ (AmE) or Iə (BrE)
Hair vowel
(B3)ɹ (AmE) (backwards 3)ə (BrE)
Hired vowel
aIɹ (Ame) aə (BrE)
phonemic and phonetic transcription marking boundaries
// slash lines = phonemic
[ ] = phonetic
dark l and light l
pill vs lip = complementary distribution - never appear together –> allophones
Phonotactic constraints of English - onset clusters
a) two labials X
b) voiced fricatives X
c) nasals X
Exception b) and c) = ju
Phonotactic constraints of English - sh and s
complementary distribution of s-sh (S with l, sh with r)
/g, b/ deletion rule
/g, b/ deleted when they cannot form coda with nasal. e.g. det- debit> debt>dept>dep, sign (signal), bomb (bombard)
Velar softening
a) /k/ becomes [s, sh]
b) /g/ becomes dz
e.g. critic - criticism
legal - legislate
Aspiration
Period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of voicing for the vowel (noise burst, aspiration and vowel onset)
nasal plosion
/n/ becomes syllabic following stop e.g. in sudden, kitten, air pressure built behind stop closure released through the nose by lowering velum for nasal consonant. Note only happens when homorganic - no glottal or if glottal released after alveolar stop made
Homorganic
when two sounds have the same place of articulation e.g. /d/ and /n/
bilabial nasal plosion?
less common than alveolar but when speaking rapidly e.g. work open – /pm/, especially if next word starts /m/.
Lateral plosion
air pressure built during stop released by lowering sides of the tongue e.g. middle
Stop length
voiceless consonants at end of syllable longer than corresponding voiced (hit > hid)
Obstruents
fricatives and stops (natural class)
Secondary articulation - labialisation
Action of the lips is added to another articulation (lesser degree of closure) - English sibilant fricatives are labialised
Affricate
sequence of a stop followed by fricative that functions as if it were a single sound
Velarisation
arching upward of the back of the tongue as a secondary articulation e.g. dark l e.g. kill (note this is not the case when between e.g. two front vowels - kill it.
What about /h/?
glottal - voiceless (unless between two vowels, not complete).
Often only before stressed vowels or approximate /j/ or before /w/.
Anticipatory coarticulation
A second gesture starts during the first gesture e.g. twice - t is slightly rounded - gesture for approximate is anticipated /k/ also lip rounded in e.g. coo, less if clue, even less if word boundary
Intrinsic allophones
phonetic variation that is the result of overlapping gestures. contrast with different gestures involved - extrinsic allophones.
Consonants Rule 1 (consonants length phrase)
consonants longer at end of a phrase - usually /s/ or /l/ e.g. go to the pass.
Consonants Rule 2 (aspiration)
Voiceless stops aspirated in syllable initial e.g. ping
Consonants Rule 3 (obstruents)
Obstruents classified as voiced only partly voiced when at the end of the utterance or before voiceless sound
e.g. a bud, a buzz
Consonants Rule 4 (voiced stops and affricates in syllable-initial)
Voicelessness when syllable-initial, except when immediately preceded and followed by voiced sound e.g. day, this day, a day
Consonants Rule 5 (s)
voiceless stops unaspirated after /s/ e.g. spy
Consonants Rule 6 (length of voiceless obstruents)
voiceless obstruents longer than corresponding voiced when at the end of the syllable e.g. bus>buzz
Consonants Rule 7 (approximants after initial ptk)
at least partially voiceless after an initial /p,t,k/ e.g. pride
Consonants Rules 8 and 15 (consecutive stops and identical consonants)
Generally final stops are unreleased when the next word begins with a nasal or stop. Gestures overlap so stops are unexploded before others e.g. apt, head down
15 - consonant is shortened before an identical consonant
Consonants Rules 9 and 10 (glottal replacements)
in many accents p,t,k have overlapping glottal stop gesture
t may be replaced by a glottal when before alveolar nasal e.g. button
Consonants rules 11 and 12 (syllabics)
Nasals syllabic at the end of a word when after obstruent, also liquids are syllabic when immediately after consonant e.g. little, button
Consonants rule 13 (tapping)
alveolar stops become voiced taps between two vowels where the second is unstressed (in AmE) e.g. city
Consonants Rule 14 (alveolar and dental)
Where we expect an alveolar consonant, dental when the next segment is dental consonant e.g. tenth
Consonants Rule 16 (velarisation)
lateral /l/ is velarised after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.
Describing articulatory movements
- larynx (vibration?)
- Velum (raised or lowered - airflow)
- Tongue (active to passive - airflow)
What’s the air doing?
liquid vs glide
liquid (l and r) but glide (w and j)
Word positions
initial – medial – final
sample palatalisation
architecture (palate and front of tongue) , key (tongue up in anticipation of vowel)
Secondary articulation vs coarticulation
coarticulation involves secondary, but not all secondary involves co e.g. in the word ship, no coarticulation, no effect of I on sh, but labialisation (Sec A)
Highest to lowest back vowels
hued- hood - hawed - hod - hard
diphthongs
hay - eI
hoe - oʊ
hoy - ɔI
cue - ju
Lexical system provides info on 3 parameters of accent variation
- no. of phonological vowel categories
- phonetic vowel qualities given by IPA
- distribution of vowels by overlapping sets
Reduced vowel
often schwa or I when vowel is unstressed - not always
Tense vowels
beat, bait, boat, boot, bite, beaut, bard
lax vowels
bit, bet, good, but, void, bod (slightly shorter, lower, centralised)
closed syllable vs open syllable
has a consonant at the end VS without a consonant at the end (only tense vowels)
Vowel Rule 1 - 3 (length)
length goes
open syllable – closed by voiced consonant – voiceless consonant ALSO longer in stressed syllable ALSO longest in monosyllabic words
Vowel rules 4-5 (voice and nasality)
- voicelessness after voiceless stop
- nazalised when closed by nasal consonant
Vowel rule 6
vowels retracted before syllable final dark l.
4 articulatory features in determining quality of the vowel
- lips - rounded or unrounded
- tongue
a) position - high/front
b) shape - retroflex
c) tension - lax or tense
Quantity of a vowel
refers to length
citation form
the form of a word that occurs when you say it by itself
strong form vs weak form
strong - when the word is emphasised
weak - for closed class words e.g. determiners, when unstressed
assimilation
when one sound is changed into another because of the influence of a neighbouring sound at a PHONEMIC level e.g. incapable —impractical
Stress - a speaker or listener feature
always correlated with something a speaker odes e.g. more air, greater laryngeal activity (pitch change), longer, more salient
tonic accent
the last stressed syllable in a phrase accompanied by a special peak in the intonation -
Intonational phrase
the part of a sentence over which a pattern of pitch changes extends
structure of intonational phrase
- pre-head - unstressed syll to first stressed
- head - first stressed sell to nucleus
- nucleus - tonic syllable (last stressed usually)
- tail - all from nucleus to end
Nuclear stress rule
if two words forming a phrase, the second is more prominent e.g. different ‘syllables
Three levels of stress
- primary (tonic)
- secondary stress
- full vowel unstressed
Eurhythmy
perfect rhythm i.e. between stress there should be unstressed, and between primary stress, should have secondary
Iambic reversal
This occurs to avoid stress clash - there may be small clash but important not to have between primary stress
