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Linguistics > P&P 1-5 > Flashcards

P&P 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

The 4 main components of the speech mechanism

A
  1. airstream process
  2. phonation process
  3. oro-nasal process
  4. articulatory process
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2
Q

How can speech sounds differ from each other?

A
  1. pitch
  2. loudness
  3. quality
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3
Q

Define: labial, coronal, dosrsal

A

Speech gestures using:
1. lips
2. tip or blade
3. back of the tongue

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4
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

Features super-imposed on syllables e.g.
1. stress,
2. Frequency, pitch, tone
3. Intonation

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5
Q

active vs passive articulators

A

Active: the lower surface of the vocal tract (actually move)
Passive: upper surface of the VT (do not move)

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6
Q

bilabial gestures

A

p, b, m

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7
Q

labiodental

A

f, v

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8
Q

dental

A

θ/, /ð/

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9
Q

alveolar

A

t, d, s, z, ɹ

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10
Q

retroflex

A

ɳ ʈ ɖ ʂ ʐ ɻ ɽ - curly indicates retroflex

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11
Q

palato-alveolar

A

ʃ, ʒ

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12
Q

palatal

A

j

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13
Q

velar

A

k, g, x,

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14
Q

glottal

A

h, ?

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15
Q

w

A

Two places o articulation: velar (primary) and bilabial (secondary - rounding of the lips)

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16
Q

Phonology

A

descriptions of systems and patterns of sounds that occur - distributions of sounds in words (phonemic inventory, distribution, alternation)

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17
Q

Acoustic vs Auditory

A

The structure of sounds e.g. frequency analysis VS How sounds are perceived

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18
Q

Phonemic

A

a sound used to differentiate words (aka distinctive, contrastive)

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19
Q

Heed vowel

A

i

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20
Q

Hid vowel

A

I

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21
Q

Hayed vowel

A

eI

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22
Q

Head vowel

A

ɛ

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23
Q

Had vowel

A

æ

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24
Q

Hard vowel

A

ɑ (= to ɒ in AmE)

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25
Q

Hod vowel

A

ɒ (not in AmE)

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26
Q

Hawed vowel

A

ɔ

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27
Q

Hood vowel

A

ʊ

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28
Q

Hoed vowel

A

oʊ (AmE) or əʊ (BrE)

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29
Q

Who’d vowel

A

u

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30
Q

Herd vowel

A

ɚ (AmE) or ɜ (BrE)

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31
Q

Hide vowel

A

aI

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32
Q

How vowel

A

aʊ

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33
Q

Hoy vowel

A

ɔI

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34
Q

Here vowel

A

Iɹ (AmE) or Iə (BrE)

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35
Q

Hair vowel

A

(B3)ɹ (AmE) (backwards 3)ə (BrE)

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36
Q

Hired vowel

A

aIɹ (Ame) aə (BrE)

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37
Q

phonemic and phonetic transcription marking boundaries

A

// slash lines = phonemic
[ ] = phonetic

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38
Q

dark l and light l

A

pill vs lip = complementary distribution - never appear together –> allophones

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39
Q

Phonotactic constraints of English - onset clusters

A

a) two labials X
b) voiced fricatives X
c) nasals X
Exception b) and c) = ju

40
Q

Phonotactic constraints of English - sh and s

A

complementary distribution of s-sh (S with l, sh with r)

41
Q

/g, b/ deletion rule

A

/g, b/ deleted when they cannot form coda with nasal. e.g. det- debit> debt>dept>dep, sign (signal), bomb (bombard)

42
Q

Velar softening

A

a) /k/ becomes [s, sh]
b) /g/ becomes dz
e.g. critic - criticism
legal - legislate

43
Q

Aspiration

A

Period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of voicing for the vowel (noise burst, aspiration and vowel onset)

44
Q

nasal plosion

A

/n/ becomes syllabic following stop e.g. in sudden, kitten, air pressure built behind stop closure released through the nose by lowering velum for nasal consonant. Note only happens when homorganic - no glottal or if glottal released after alveolar stop made

45
Q

Homorganic

A

when two sounds have the same place of articulation e.g. /d/ and /n/

46
Q

bilabial nasal plosion?

A

less common than alveolar but when speaking rapidly e.g. work open – /pm/, especially if next word starts /m/.

47
Q

Lateral plosion

A

air pressure built during stop released by lowering sides of the tongue e.g. middle

48
Q

Stop length

A

voiceless consonants at end of syllable longer than corresponding voiced (hit > hid)

49
Q

Obstruents

A

fricatives and stops (natural class)

50
Q

Secondary articulation - labialisation

A

Action of the lips is added to another articulation (lesser degree of closure) - English sibilant fricatives are labialised

51
Q

Affricate

A

sequence of a stop followed by fricative that functions as if it were a single sound

52
Q

Velarisation

A

arching upward of the back of the tongue as a secondary articulation e.g. dark l e.g. kill (note this is not the case when between e.g. two front vowels - kill it.

53
Q

What about /h/?

A

glottal - voiceless (unless between two vowels, not complete).
Often only before stressed vowels or approximate /j/ or before /w/.

54
Q

Anticipatory coarticulation

A

A second gesture starts during the first gesture e.g. twice - t is slightly rounded - gesture for approximate is anticipated /k/ also lip rounded in e.g. coo, less if clue, even less if word boundary

55
Q

Intrinsic allophones

A

phonetic variation that is the result of overlapping gestures. contrast with different gestures involved - extrinsic allophones.

56
Q

Consonants Rule 1 (consonants length phrase)

A

consonants longer at end of a phrase - usually /s/ or /l/ e.g. go to the pass.

57
Q

Consonants Rule 2 (aspiration)

A

Voiceless stops aspirated in syllable initial e.g. ping

58
Q

Consonants Rule 3 (obstruents)

A

Obstruents classified as voiced only partly voiced when at the end of the utterance or before voiceless sound
e.g. a bud, a buzz

59
Q

Consonants Rule 4 (voiced stops and affricates in syllable-initial)

A

Voicelessness when syllable-initial, except when immediately preceded and followed by voiced sound e.g. day, this day, a day

60
Q

Consonants Rule 5 (s)

A

voiceless stops unaspirated after /s/ e.g. spy

61
Q

Consonants Rule 6 (length of voiceless obstruents)

A

voiceless obstruents longer than corresponding voiced when at the end of the syllable e.g. bus>buzz

62
Q

Consonants Rule 7 (approximants after initial ptk)

A

at least partially voiceless after an initial /p,t,k/ e.g. pride

63
Q

Consonants Rules 8 and 15 (consecutive stops and identical consonants)

A

Generally final stops are unreleased when the next word begins with a nasal or stop. Gestures overlap so stops are unexploded before others e.g. apt, head down
15 - consonant is shortened before an identical consonant

64
Q

Consonants Rules 9 and 10 (glottal replacements)

A

in many accents p,t,k have overlapping glottal stop gesture
t may be replaced by a glottal when before alveolar nasal e.g. button

65
Q

Consonants rules 11 and 12 (syllabics)

A

Nasals syllabic at the end of a word when after obstruent, also liquids are syllabic when immediately after consonant e.g. little, button

66
Q

Consonants rule 13 (tapping)

A

alveolar stops become voiced taps between two vowels where the second is unstressed (in AmE) e.g. city

67
Q

Consonants Rule 14 (alveolar and dental)

A

Where we expect an alveolar consonant, dental when the next segment is dental consonant e.g. tenth

68
Q

Consonants Rule 16 (velarisation)

A

lateral /l/ is velarised after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word.

69
Q

Describing articulatory movements

A
  1. larynx (vibration?)
  2. Velum (raised or lowered - airflow)
  3. Tongue (active to passive - airflow)
    What’s the air doing?
70
Q

liquid vs glide

A

liquid (l and r) but glide (w and j)

71
Q

Word positions

A

initial – medial – final

72
Q

sample palatalisation

A

architecture (palate and front of tongue) , key (tongue up in anticipation of vowel)

73
Q

Secondary articulation vs coarticulation

A

coarticulation involves secondary, but not all secondary involves co e.g. in the word ship, no coarticulation, no effect of I on sh, but labialisation (Sec A)

74
Q

Highest to lowest back vowels

A

hued- hood - hawed - hod - hard

75
Q

diphthongs

A

hay - eI
hoe - oʊ
hoy - ɔI
cue - ju

76
Q

Lexical system provides info on 3 parameters of accent variation

A
  1. no. of phonological vowel categories
  2. phonetic vowel qualities given by IPA
  3. distribution of vowels by overlapping sets
77
Q

Reduced vowel

A

often schwa or I when vowel is unstressed - not always

78
Q

Tense vowels

A

beat, bait, boat, boot, bite, beaut, bard

79
Q

lax vowels

A

bit, bet, good, but, void, bod (slightly shorter, lower, centralised)

80
Q

closed syllable vs open syllable

A

has a consonant at the end VS without a consonant at the end (only tense vowels)

81
Q

Vowel Rule 1 - 3 (length)

A

length goes
open syllable – closed by voiced consonant – voiceless consonant ALSO longer in stressed syllable ALSO longest in monosyllabic words

82
Q

Vowel rules 4-5 (voice and nasality)

A
  1. voicelessness after voiceless stop
  2. nazalised when closed by nasal consonant
83
Q

Vowel rule 6

A

vowels retracted before syllable final dark l.

84
Q

4 articulatory features in determining quality of the vowel

A
  1. lips - rounded or unrounded
  2. tongue
    a) position - high/front
    b) shape - retroflex
    c) tension - lax or tense
85
Q

Quantity of a vowel

A

refers to length

86
Q

citation form

A

the form of a word that occurs when you say it by itself

87
Q

strong form vs weak form

A

strong - when the word is emphasised
weak - for closed class words e.g. determiners, when unstressed

88
Q

assimilation

A

when one sound is changed into another because of the influence of a neighbouring sound at a PHONEMIC level e.g. incapable —impractical

89
Q

Stress - a speaker or listener feature

A

always correlated with something a speaker odes e.g. more air, greater laryngeal activity (pitch change), longer, more salient

90
Q

tonic accent

A

the last stressed syllable in a phrase accompanied by a special peak in the intonation -

91
Q

Intonational phrase

A

the part of a sentence over which a pattern of pitch changes extends

92
Q

structure of intonational phrase

A
  1. pre-head - unstressed syll to first stressed
  2. head - first stressed sell to nucleus
  3. nucleus - tonic syllable (last stressed usually)
  4. tail - all from nucleus to end
93
Q

Nuclear stress rule

A

if two words forming a phrase, the second is more prominent e.g. different ‘syllables

94
Q

Three levels of stress

A
  1. primary (tonic)
  2. secondary stress
  3. full vowel unstressed
95
Q

Eurhythmy

A

perfect rhythm i.e. between stress there should be unstressed, and between primary stress, should have secondary

96
Q

Iambic reversal

A

This occurs to avoid stress clash - there may be small clash but important not to have between primary stress

Linguistics (5 decks)

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